Chapter 2 Molecular Interactions単語カード | Quizlet

C (backbone), H, O, N

What are the building blocks of large organic molecules?

anabolic reactions

What type of reaction is used to build macromolecules?

catabolic reactions

What type of reaction is used to break down macromolecules?

monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates

fatty acids

monomer of lipids

amino acids

monomers of proteins

nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids

mono - 1 sugar

di - 2 sugars

poly - many sugars

What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and a polysaccharide?

monomer/monosaccharides

pentose sugar (5 carbons)

hexose sugar (6 carbons)

glucose

disaccharidases

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

glycogen

triglycerides - lipids/fat (true lipid)

phopholipids - contains a phosphate group in molecule

steroids - derived from cholesterol

What are the structural and functional differences between triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids?

glycerol

back bone of lipid

side chain (R group)

attached to amino acids

differ in size, shape, and ability to form hydrogen bonds or ions - helps amino acid react with other molecules in a unique way

primary structure of protein

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

secondary structure of protein

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain

covalent bond angles between amino acid

alpha helix and beta strands form sheets

tertiary structure of protein

3D shape of protein

quaternary structure of a protein

multiple subunits combine with noncovalent bonds

hemoglobin molecules are made from 4 globular protein subunits

A = adenine

T = tri

D= di

M= mono

P = phosphate group

* the more phosphate, the more energy is stored in that nucleotide

What is the difference between ATP, ADP, and AMP?

adenine + ribose (sugar)+ (1, 2, 3) phosphates

What is the basic make up of a nucleotide?

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

double helix nucleic acid structure

with nitrogenous bases

T - thymine

A - adenine

G - guanine

C - cytosine

T = A

C = G

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

A = U

C = G

What are the complementary base pairs in RNA?

Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)

single linear strand of nucleic acid

protons

charge: +

located in nucleus

neutrons

no charge

located in nucleus

electrons

charge: -

located in orbital

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

ex: H2O

ions

atoms that have gained or lost electrons (transfer)

nonpolar molecule - hydrophobic (hating)

molecule that shares\ electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends

CO2

polar molecule - hydrophilic (loving)

a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

H2O

polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

positive on one end and negative on another

hydrogen bonds

weak attraction (temporary bonds) between a hydrogen atom and another atom

H2O attracted to another H2O

(hydrogen attracted to a different oxygen)

van der Waals forces

non-specific attraction between one atom's nucleus and another atom's electrons

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solubility

The ability to dissolve in another substance

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

nonpolar - does not separate in water

Hydrophilic

water loving

polar - separates in water

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

concentration = amount of solute / unit solvent

What is concentration a measure of?

Yes - it is water loving and polar meaning it will dissolve in water

Would a hydrophilic molecule be soluble in water?

No - it hates water and is nonpolar meaning it will not dissolve in water

Would a hydrophobic molecule be soluble in water?

% solution

X g/100 mL

5% solution = 5 g solute per 100 mL solution

molarity

moles/Liter

3 Mole solution = 3 mol/L

mole

atomic mass of an atom

gram molecular weight of a molecule

(sum of atomic mass of all atoms in a molecule expressed as grams)

below 7

acidic pH

above 7

basic pH

7-7.7

neutral pH

acids

releases a H+ in water

bases

release OH- or accept H+

enzymes

membrane transport

signal molecules

receptors

binding

immunoglobulins

regulatory

What are some functions of proteins?

binding site

binds ligand or substrate

specificity

molecular complementarity

reversible binding

can be unbound; affinity = how likely/well it binds

competition

agonist VS. antagonist

mimics each others actions VS. working against/inhibiting

isoforms

slightly different versions of the same protein

function is similar

Protelysis

change structure of polypeptide

allosteric modulation

a modulator that binds to protein to activate a binding site for a ligand

covalent modulation

binds covalently to protein to change activity (phosphates)

cofactors

nonprotein enzyme helpers - assist with function

denaturing

the breakdown or unfolding of protein (becomes inactive)

up regulation

production of more proteins - more activity

down regulation

removal of proteins - less activity