types of long term memory

What is episodic memory?

A long-term memory store for personal events, including when they occurred and details of people, objects, places, and behaviors.

What requires effort in episodic memory?

Memories from episodic memory must be retrieved consciously and with effort.

What is semantic memory?

A long-term memory store for knowledge of the world, including facts and meanings of words and concepts.

How are semantic memories recalled?

Semantic memories usually need to be recalled deliberately.

What is procedural memory?

A long-term memory store for knowledge of how to do things, including learned skills.

How are procedural memories recalled?

Procedural memories are recalled without conscious or deliberate effort.

Who proposed three types of LTM?

Endel Tulving (1985).

What did Tulving say about the MSM’s LTM view?

The multi-store model’s view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible.

What are Tulving’s three LTM stores?

Episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory.

What does episodic memory store?

It stores memories of personal events, like a diary of daily experiences.

What are examples of episodic memories?

Examples include a recent dentist visit, a gig last week, a psychology class, or breakfast today.

What does it mean that episodic memories are time-stamped?

You remember when the events happened, not just what happened.

What elements are in an episodic memory?

People, places, objects, and behaviors, interwoven into a single memory.

How is episodic memory recall described?

It requires conscious effort, searching for the memory, though done quickly.

What does semantic memory contain?

It contains shared knowledge of the world, like an encyclopedia and dictionary combined.

What are examples of semantic knowledge?

Examples include how to apply to university, what an orange tastes like, or the meaning of words.

What concepts are stored in semantic memory?

Concepts like animals, love, and Frozen.

Are semantic memories time-stamped?

No, semantic memories are not time-stamped; we don’t recall when we learned them.

How personal is semantic memory?

Semantic memory is less personal, focusing on shared facts.

How does semantic memory grow?

It is constantly added to with new material.

How vulnerable is semantic memory compared to episodic?

Semantic memory is less vulnerable to distortion and forgetting.

What does procedural memory involve?

It involves memory for actions, skills, and how to do things.

What is an example of procedural memory?

Driving a car, which becomes automatic through practice.

How does practice affect procedural memory?

Skills like changing gears or indicating become automatic with practice.

Is conscious effort needed for procedural recall?

No, procedural memories are recalled without much conscious effort.

Why might explaining procedural skills be hard?

Describing actions like driving can make the task harder as it disrupts automatic recall.