SLP 540 Week 9 Ch 2

What are the four characteristics of oral language?

Phonemic knowledge, Semantic knowledge, Syntactic knowledge, Pragmatic knowledge

Why is language the foundation for literacy?

Struggles in language components can adversely affect literacy skills

What is Orthographic Knowledge?

Understanding of encoding (writing) and decoding (reading) at the level of sound (alphabet, patterns) and meaning (morphology)

Why do SLPs have a critical role in literacy?

Language weakness puts clients at risk for literacy weakness; early screening and intervention are essential

What are the three main components of narrative text structure?

The character experiences a problem, takes steps to solve it, and there is a solution

What is narrative macrostructure?

Structure of an episode including story grammar components: character, setting, initiating event, internal response, plan, attempts, consequence, resolution

What is narrative microstructure?

Sentence-level aspects like vocabulary, syntactic complexity, morphology, mean length of utterance

How can measuring narrative macrostructure and microstructure help?

Provides insight into language skills, especially for individuals with language weaknesses

Name two text structures used in informational text

Compare/contrast, Cause/effect, Problem/solution, Sequential

What are quantitative text complexity measures?

Frequency of words, sentence length, vocabulary load, word/phrase connections

What are qualitative text complexity measures?

Levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality, clarity, knowledge demands

How can understanding developmental expectations support struggling readers?

Helps match text to reader and design interventions for advancement to the next stage

What are key emergent reading skills in preschool to kindergarten?

Learn print concepts, develop expressive/receptive language, overgeneralize patterns

How does emergent writing develop in preschool to kindergarten?

Scribbling evolves to letters representing sounds, drawings resemble real objects

What is phonological awareness?

Awareness of speech sounds apart from meaning, beginning with syllables and rhymes, essential for reading

Describe beginning stage reading (Kindergarten)

Fingerpoint reading, decoding begins, sight word bank grows

Describe beginning stage writing (Kindergarten)

Begin with initial/final sounds, move to medial sounds, include spaces between words

What happens in the transitional literacy stage (Late Gr 1-Mid Gr 4)?

Oral language and syntactic knowledge grow, better word ID and comprehension, genre understanding

What writing skills develop in the transitional stage?

Within-word patterns understood, more flexible encoding, introduction to revision

What characterizes the intermediate literacy stage (Gr 3-6)?

Higher-level reasoning, understanding text structures, increased stamina and vocabulary

What writing skills develop in the intermediate stage?

Multisyllabic spelling patterns, audience awareness, potential for longer compositions

What defines the proficient literacy stage (Gr 5 and above)?

Handles complex texts, reading tied to identity, academic vocabulary growth

What defines proficient writing (Gr 5 and above)?

Genre chosen to fit purpose, correct spelling, writing intended for interpretation/critique

What percentage of U.S. students who are racial or ethnic minorities?

48%

What percentage of students living in poverty?

18% of school-age children

Name two student groups SLPs support regarding literacy

Students with Language Impairment, Speech Sound Disorders, ASD, LD, Literacy Difficulties, Attention Deficit

What strategies support economically disadvantaged students?

Build background/vocabulary, explicit instruction, access to books, early intervention

What are strategies for students with Intellectual Disabilities?

Explicit modeling, develop functional literacy (signs, labels, directions, forms)

How can SLPs assist students with Attention Deficit?

Use visual aids, short practice periods, interesting tasks, minimize distractions, schedules, computers

What challenges are faced by students with ASD in literacy?

Difficulty with comprehension, understanding characters/social situations, need for scaffolding

What are two types of adults with literacy weakness?

Those with developmental literacy issues; those with acquired issues due to injury/illness

Name two strategies for adults with developmental literacy weakness

Functional literacy skills, short-term booster treatment, adapting interventions from younger students

What is a key strategy for adults with acquired literacy weakness?

Develop functional literacy, use compensatory mechanisms (AAC, tools for word retrieval)

What percentage of adults in the U.S. were illiterate in 2023?

Approximately 21%

What percentage of U.S. adults have literacy below a 6th-grade level?

Approximately 54%

What are two consequences of low literacy?

Increased poverty rates, higher likelihood of criminal behavior, significant economic cost