Biochem test 1

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43 Terms

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Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nucleophile and an electrophile.

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Nucleophile

Typically a hydroxyl group (-OH) that performs a nucleophilic attack.

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Electrophile

A phosphate group that reacts with the nucleophile during nucleotide bonding.

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Chirality

Presence of four chiral centers in nucleotide structure, resulting in defined orientation of nucleotides.

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Pyrimidines

A category of nucleobases consisting of substituted benzene rings, such as uracil, thymine, and cytosine.

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Purines

A category of larger nucleobases essential for understanding nucleic acid function.

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Phosphodiester bond

The covalent bond that holds nucleotides together in a DNA strand, providing structural integrity.

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Hydrophobic Effect

The tendency of DNA bases to orient away from water, which promotes helix formation.

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Antiparallel Orientation

The arrangement of DNA strands running in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').

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Tertiary Structure

The three-dimensional conformation of RNA, crucial for biological function.

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MCS (Multiple Cloning Site)

A sequence of DNA within a cloning vector that contains multiple unique restriction enzyme cut sites, facilitating gene insertion.

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Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for gene isolation and manipulation.

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify segments of DNA, involving steps of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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Promoter Regions

Specific DNA sequences that initiate the transcription process, facilitating RNA polymerase binding.

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Hairpin Structures

Common forms in RNA secondary structure with regions of complementarity producing loops with unpaired bases.

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Kissing Loops

Interactions between two loop structures in RNA that facilitate functional roles, especially in RNA activity.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction involving the breaking of bonds in a compound through the addition of water.

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Alkaline Hydrolysis

A specific type of hydrolysis that occurs in an alkaline environment, significant in various biological processes.

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Transformation

The introduction of recombinant DNA into competent bacterial cells, allowing for DNA replication within bacteria.

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Exons

Coding regions of mature mRNA that are joined together after splicing.

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Introns

Non-coding regions of RNA that are removed during mRNA processing.

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Binding Energy

The energy that influences protein shape and interaction with targets.

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Nucleotide structure includes a _____, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

base

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In RNA, the base _____ replaces thymine found in DNA.

uracil

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A _____ bond links the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide.

phosphodiester

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The process of _____ occurs when DNA is converted into mRNA.

transcription

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Exons are the _____ regions of mRNA that code for proteins.

coding

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Introns are _____ regions of mRNA that are removed during processing.

non-coding

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The _____ effect helps stabilize the double helix structure of DNA.

hydrophobic

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The antiparallel orientation of DNA strands means they run in opposite _____.

directions

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Hairpin structures are common in the _____ structure of RNA.

secondary

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In DNA replication, the enzyme _____ is responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing strand.

DNA polymerase

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What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.

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What are the two main types of nucleobases?

Pyrimidines and purines.

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What is the significance of a promoter region in DNA?

It initiates the transcription process allowing RNA polymerase to bind.

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Define what a hydrophobic effect means in the context of DNA.

The tendency of DNA bases to align away from water, aiding in helix formation.

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What is the function of restriction enzymes?

They cut DNA at specific sequences for gene isolation and manipulation.

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What are exons?

Coding regions of mature mRNA that are preserved after splicing.

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What is the role of introns during RNA processing?

Introns are non-coding regions that are removed from pre-mRNA.

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Describe the tertiary structure of RNA.

It is the three-dimensional conformation crucial for RNA function.

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What is transformation in molecular biology?

The introduction of recombinant DNA into competent bacterial cells.

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What are kissing loops in RNA?

Interactions between two loops in RNA that facilitate functional roles.

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