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Nucleotide
The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nucleophile and an electrophile.
Nucleophile
Typically a hydroxyl group (-OH) that performs a nucleophilic attack.
Electrophile
A phosphate group that reacts with the nucleophile during nucleotide bonding.
Chirality
Presence of four chiral centers in nucleotide structure, resulting in defined orientation of nucleotides.
Pyrimidines
A category of nucleobases consisting of substituted benzene rings, such as uracil, thymine, and cytosine.
Purines
A category of larger nucleobases essential for understanding nucleic acid function.
Phosphodiester bond
The covalent bond that holds nucleotides together in a DNA strand, providing structural integrity.
Hydrophobic Effect
The tendency of DNA bases to orient away from water, which promotes helix formation.
Antiparallel Orientation
The arrangement of DNA strands running in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
Tertiary Structure
The three-dimensional conformation of RNA, crucial for biological function.
MCS (Multiple Cloning Site)
A sequence of DNA within a cloning vector that contains multiple unique restriction enzyme cut sites, facilitating gene insertion.
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for gene isolation and manipulation.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
A technique used to amplify segments of DNA, involving steps of denaturation, annealing, and extension.
Promoter Regions
Specific DNA sequences that initiate the transcription process, facilitating RNA polymerase binding.
Hairpin Structures
Common forms in RNA secondary structure with regions of complementarity producing loops with unpaired bases.
Kissing Loops
Interactions between two loop structures in RNA that facilitate functional roles, especially in RNA activity.
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction involving the breaking of bonds in a compound through the addition of water.
Alkaline Hydrolysis
A specific type of hydrolysis that occurs in an alkaline environment, significant in various biological processes.
Transformation
The introduction of recombinant DNA into competent bacterial cells, allowing for DNA replication within bacteria.
Exons
Coding regions of mature mRNA that are joined together after splicing.
Introns
Non-coding regions of RNA that are removed during mRNA processing.
Binding Energy
The energy that influences protein shape and interaction with targets.
Nucleotide structure includes a _____, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
base
In RNA, the base _____ replaces thymine found in DNA.
uracil
A _____ bond links the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide.
phosphodiester
The process of _____ occurs when DNA is converted into mRNA.
transcription
Exons are the _____ regions of mRNA that code for proteins.
coding
Introns are _____ regions of mRNA that are removed during processing.
non-coding
The _____ effect helps stabilize the double helix structure of DNA.
hydrophobic
The antiparallel orientation of DNA strands means they run in opposite _____.
directions
Hairpin structures are common in the _____ structure of RNA.
secondary
In DNA replication, the enzyme _____ is responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing strand.
DNA polymerase
What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.
What are the two main types of nucleobases?
Pyrimidines and purines.
What is the significance of a promoter region in DNA?
It initiates the transcription process allowing RNA polymerase to bind.
Define what a hydrophobic effect means in the context of DNA.
The tendency of DNA bases to align away from water, aiding in helix formation.
What is the function of restriction enzymes?
They cut DNA at specific sequences for gene isolation and manipulation.
What are exons?
Coding regions of mature mRNA that are preserved after splicing.
What is the role of introns during RNA processing?
Introns are non-coding regions that are removed from pre-mRNA.
Describe the tertiary structure of RNA.
It is the three-dimensional conformation crucial for RNA function.
What is transformation in molecular biology?
The introduction of recombinant DNA into competent bacterial cells.
What are kissing loops in RNA?
Interactions between two loops in RNA that facilitate functional roles.