Unit 1 Test

The word science comes from the Latin word __________, meaning knowledge.

scientia

Science is defined as a systematic and __________ approach to discovering how things work.

logical

Individual stories or __________ can suggest things that should be investigated with the scientific method, but they are not trustworthy evidence.

anecdotes

Scientific understanding is based on large samples and __________ outcomes to draw conclusions.

average

In the vaccine example, the average occurrence of __________ is shown to be the same for children who are and are not vaccinated.

autism

__________ reasoning is a logical thinking method that uses related observations to arrive at general conclusions.

Inductive

Inductive reasoning is associated with __________ science.

Descriptive

Data in inductive reasoning can be either qualitative or __________.

quantitative

__________ reasoning is hypothesis-based and uses the scientific method to predict specific results.

Deductive

The scientific method was first documented by __________ in the 1500’s.

Sir Francis Bacon

The scientific method requires __________ or measurable evidence to be valid.

empirical

Crucially, the results of an experiment following the scientific method must be __________.

repeatable

In the flowchart of the scientific method, the step immediately after forming a question is to __________.

Read

A __________ is an explanation based on limited evidence that can be tested.

hypothesis

A hypothesis must be testable and __________.

falsifiable

Scientific principles state that a hypothesis can be disproven but never __________.

proven

The __________ variable is the one thing you change in a controlled experiment.

independent

A researcher should limit their experiment to only __________ independent variable(s).

one

The __________ variable represents the change that happens because of the independent variable.

dependent

__________ variables are everything an experimenter wants to remain constant and unchanging.

Controlled

Long standing hypotheses can eventually become __________.

theories

Theories can never be proven and can never become __________.

Laws

Laws are observations consistently proven using __________ equations.

mathematical

The equation __________ is a specific example of a scientific Law.

$$E = mc^2$$

__________ science is the pursuit of knowledge for the sake of understanding regardless of short term benefit.

Basic

__________ science focuses on developing technology to solve real world problems.

Applied

The discovery and understanding of __________ is a primary example of basic science.

DNA

The __________ Project is cited as an example of basic science.

Human Genome

Applying scientific knowledge for CSI or __________ testing is considered applied science.

paternity

Developing __________ and curing genetic diseases are examples of applied science.

antibiotics

Biology is defined as the study of __________.

life

According to the lecture, living things must be highly __________ to be considered alive.

organized

The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability is called __________.

Homeostasis

A characteristic of life is the ability of an organism to respond to __________.

Stimuli

In the organization of living things, the level between an atom and a macromolecule is a __________.

molecule

A large biological structure like DNA is classified as a __________.

Macromolecule

A specialized structure within a cell, such as a nucleus, is called an __________.

Organelle

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function is a __________.

Tissue

Organs such as the stomach and intestine work together within an organ __________.

System

A group of individuals of the same species living together is called a __________.

population

In a park, all the different plant and animal species together comprise a __________.

community

An __________ includes all living organisms in an area along with the environment in which they live.

Ecosystem

The __________ encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth.

biosphere

__________ is recognized as the "Father of Modern Taxonomy."

Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus developed his hierarchical taxonomy system in the __________'s.

$$1700\text{s}$$

The naming system used in science to identify organisms is called __________ naming.

Binomial

A scientific name consists of the __________ followed by the species name.

Genus

Organisms that are always unicellular and lack membrane-bound organelles are __________.

Prokaryotes

__________ cells can be unicellular or multicellular and possess a distinct nucleus.

Eukaryotes

In the year __________, Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system.

$$1977$$

Carl Woese's system separated __________ from regular Bacteria.

Archaea

There are total of __________ kingdoms in the classification system shown in the lecture.

$$6$$

The kingdom __________ consists of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments.

Archaebacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria is prokaryotic and members of this kingdom live __________.

everywhere

Kingdom __________ includes eukaryotic organisms that are mostly microscopic and unicellular.

Protista

Protista may move through their environment using cilia, flagella, or __________.

pseudopodia

Organisms in Kingdom Fungi have a cell wall made of __________.

chitin

Kingdom Fungi primarily functions as __________ in the environment.

Decomposers

Kingdom Plantae consists of eukaryotic organisms that possess a cell wall of __________.

cellulose

Plants contain __________ which are used for energy processing.

Chloroplast

Kingdom Animalia is eukaryotic, multicellular, and has __________ cell wall.

No

Animals obtain their energy and nutrients when they __________ nutrients.

Ingest

The highest and broadest level of the taxonomic hierarchy is the __________.

Domain

The taxonomic level situated between Kingdom and Class is __________.

Phylum

In the taxonomic hierarchy, the level that follows Class is __________.

Order

In the example of the Red fox, the family name is __________.

Canidae

The genus name for the Red fox is __________.

Vulpes

The full scientific name for the Red fox is __________.

Vulpes vulpes

One of the characteristics of life is the ability to process __________.

Energy

A phylogenetic tree of life illustrates that there are __________ primary domains.

$$3$$

What is the literal definition of Biology according to the lecture notes?

Life

What are the eight characteristics that make something alive?

Highly organized, Respond to Stimuli, Reproduction, Adaption, Growth & Development, Regulation, Homeostasis, Energy Processing

What are the first four levels of organization for living things leading up to a cell?

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle

What level of organization is directly between a Tissue and an Organ System?

Organ

In a park setting, what is the relationship between an organism and a population?

Each person is an organism, and together all the people make up a population

What constitutes a community in the example of a park?

All the plant and animal species in the park

What consists of living organisms and the environment in which they live, specifically in the Central Park example?

Ecosystem

What term encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth?

The biosphere

Who is known as the "Father of Modern Taxonomy"?

Carl Linnaeus

In what century did Carl Linnaeus live and work on taxonomy?

$$1700\text{'s}$$

What are the two parts of Binomial Naming?

$\text{Genus species}$ or $\text{G.species}$

What are the key characteristics of Prokaryotes according to the domains?

Always Unicellular, No membrane bound organelles, and No nucleus

What are three defining features of Eukaryotes?

Unicellular or Multicellular, Membrane bound organelles, and Distinct Nucleus

Which scientist proposed the 3 Domain system in $1977$?

Carl Woese

What major change did Carl Woese introduce to bacterial classification?

Separated Archaea from regular Bacteria

List the three domains identified in the Phylogenetic Tree of Life.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia

Which two kingdoms are classified as Prokaryote?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Which four kingdoms are classified as Eukaryote?

Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia

In what type of environments do Archaebacteria live?

Extreme environments

What is the specific temperature of magma mentioned in the notes regarding extreme environments?

$$1200\,^\circ\text{C}$$

What is the temperature range mentioned for evolved seawater plumes in the Archaebacteria context?

$$100-350\,^\circ\text{C}$$

Where are Bacteria found in the environment?

Everywhere

What are two common shapes of Bacteria listed in the notes?

Cocci and Bacilli

Most Protista fall into which category of cellularity and size?

Most microscopic and Unicellular

What three structures might Protista use for locomotion?

Cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia

What term is used in the notes to describe some Protista that are capable of causing disease?

Pathogenic

What is the cell wall of Fungi composed of?

Chitin

What ecological role do Fungi play in the environment?

Decomposers

Are most Fungi unicellular or multicellular?

Multicellular