Key Events and Developments in Canadian History

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo.

Gavrilo Princip

Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Ferdinand.

World War I Trigger

Ferdinand's death led to Austria-Hungary declaring war.

Canadian Identity Emergence

Solidified during late 19th and early 20th centuries.

War Influence on Canada

WWI participation fostered national pride and unity.

Canadian Enlistment

Over 600,000 Canadians enlisted during WWI.

Economic Impact of War

Stimulated economy but caused inflation and shortages.

War Measures Act

Passed in 1914, increased government control during war.

Consequences of War Measures Act

Included censorship and restrictions on civil liberties.

Trench Conditions

Horrific living conditions with mud, vermin, and disease.

Shell Shock

Psychological trauma now known as PTSD.

Battle of Ypres

First major Canadian battle; first use of chemical weapons.

Battle of Somme

One of the bloodiest battles with heavy Canadian casualties.

Battle of Vimy Ridge

Significant Canadian victory, turning point in national identity.

Canada's Hundred Days

Series of offensives leading to Allied victory in 1918.

Armistice of 1918

Signed on November 11, ending fighting at 11 a.m.

Outcomes of WWI

Massive loss of life and reshaping of national borders.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed in 1919, officially ended World War I.

Terms of Treaty of Versailles

Imposed reparations on Germany and redrew European borders.

League of Nations

Founded to promote peace after World War I.

Chemical Weapons

First used by Germany during the Battle of Ypres.

Canadian Corps

Allied Forces made up of four Canadian divisions.

Challenges of League of Nations

Failed to prevent aggression, leading to WWII.

British North America Act

Established Dominion of Canada in 1867.

Residential Schools

Institutions for assimilating Indigenous children culturally.

Land Acknowledgements

Recognize traditional Indigenous territories pre-colonization.

First Explorers of Canada

Notable figures include Cabot, Cartier, Champlain.

Indigenous Oral History

Traditional stories preserving cultural knowledge and identity.

M.A.I.N Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism heightened tensions.

Creeping Barrage

Artillery tactic providing cover for advancing infantry.

Prohibition in Canada

Nationwide ban on alcohol from 1918 to 1920.

Goals of Prohibition

Reduce crime, promote moral reform, improve health.

Consequences of Prohibition

Rise of organized crime and illegal alcohol trade.

Speakeasies

Secret venues for illegal alcohol consumption during Prohibition.

Economic Impact of Prohibition

Loss of tax revenues and rise of black market.

Social Divisions from Prohibition

Divided society into 'wets' and 'drys'.

Winnipeg General Strike

1919 strike for better wages and working conditions.

Background of Winnipeg Strike

Post-WWI inflation and unemployment fueled worker demands.

Event of Winnipeg Strike

Started May 15, 1919; 30,000 workers participated.

Impact of Winnipeg Strike

Paralyzed city services like transportation and communications.

Jacques Cartier

Explored Canada in 1534, established Indigenous contact.

Samuel de Champlain

Mapped Canada in 1608; known as 'Father of New France'.

Al Capone

Infamous figure in organized crime during Prohibition.

Vimy Ridge

Site where creeping barrage tactic was notably used.

Central Strike Committee

Organized the strike against employers and government.

Bloody Saturday

Violent clash on June 21, resulting in casualties.

Labor Movement Strengthening

Increased power of unions in Canada post-strike.

Class Tensions

Highlighted socioeconomic disparities leading to reforms.

Job Losses

Strikers faced long-term unemployment and blacklisting.

Ford's Model T

Affordable car revolutionizing transportation in the 1920s.

Radios

Mass communication tool bringing news and entertainment.

Electric Appliances

Improved household efficiency with modern conveniences.

Aviation Growth

Expansion in commercial and military aviation industries.

Talkies

Transition from silent films to sound films.

Flapper Dresses

Fashion symbolizing modern, urban culture in the 1920s.

The Famous Five

Activists advocating for women's legal recognition as persons.

Persons Case

Legal battle for women's status under Canadian law.

Supreme Court Ruling

Initially ruled women were not 'persons' legally.

Judicial Committee Appeal

Women appealed to British Privy Council for justice.

Legal Recognition

In 1929, women recognized as 'persons' in Canada.

Rise of Consumer Culture

Economic boom increased disposable incomes and consumption.

Advertising Influence

Created demand through media and celebrity endorsements.

Criticism of Consumerism

Materialism and debt concerns highlighted by critics.

Jazz Music

Popular genre featuring artists like Louis Armstrong.

Dance Halls

Social spaces for popular dances like Charleston.

Stock Market Crash

Black Tuesday on October 29, 1929, caused economic collapse.

Great Depression

Widespread unemployment and poverty in the 1930s.

New Deal Programs

Government relief efforts during the Great Depression.

Creeping Barrage

Artillery fire tactic advancing with infantry.

Battle of the Somme

First effective use of creeping barrage in 1916.

Vimy Ridge

Battle in 1917 where creeping barrage was perfected.

Stock Market Crash

1929 event causing massive wealth loss.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; market lost unprecedented value.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; panic selling began.

Great Depression

Economic downturn following the 1929 stock market crash.

Bank Failures

Collapse of banks due to unpaid loans.

Overproduction

Excess goods produced, leading to economic stagnation.

Life in the Trenches

Soldiers faced fear, anxiety, and exhaustion.

Trench Foot

Disease caused by cold, damp trench conditions.

Trench Fever

Illness spread in unsanitary trench environments.

Dysentery

Intestinal disease common in trench warfare.

Typhus

Infectious disease exacerbated by lice infestations.

Influenza

Viral infection affecting soldiers in trenches.

Persons Case

1929 legal decision recognizing women as persons.

Famous Five

Group of women advocating for legal recognition.

British North America Act

1867 act uniting provinces into Canada.

Mining Boom

Increased mining for gold, silver, and nickel.

Paper and Pulp Industry

Canada became leading newsprint exporter.

Wheat Production

Prairie provinces expanded to become major exporters.

Hydroelectricity Development

Critical energy source for industries in Canada.