anthro 2ac final

The analysis of the sites of the Serpent Mound and Great Zimbabwe are similar because:

archaeologists doubted the Indigenous people of both sites could have constructed these monuments

According to your reading, archaeologists working on the US-Mexico border found that factory suppliers for migrants produced ____________________ in black rather than white because of the supposedly increased difficulty of spotting them in the desert.

water bottles

Gertrude Caton-Thompson worked on the site ______________________ , confirming the site's local cultural origins which other archaeologists had debated.

Great Zimbabwe

During the first half of the 20th century (1900-1950), archaeologists focused on

classification of artifact types and studying evidence of migration and diffusion.

The site of Teotihuacan is significant for understanding the history of human thought about the past, because:

the Aztecs mythologized it as part of their supposed Toltec ancestry and identity.

According to the latest analysis, large human-made mounds located along the Mississippi were built by

the ancestors of the same Native Americans who have continued to live on the land today.

18th century antiquarians, like William Stukeley working at Stonehenge, produced drawings that:

remain useful to archaeologists today because of their accuracy, which helped link sites with ancient cultures.

According to Laurie Wilkie, _________ is a tool that scholars use to do research - like glasses to see the world.

theory

Uniformitarianism is the principle that:

geologic and other natural processes occurred in the same manner in the past as they do in the present.

According to your reading, since the mid-1990s the policy used on the US-Mexico border has been known as _____________________, driving hopeful migrants into the hostile terrain of the desert.

Prevention Through Deterrence (PTD)

According to lecture, statues and buildings from ancient Greece and Rome:

Correct answer:

Were often colorful, but their colors have faded over time, leading to misconceptions about the past.

18th century antiquarians, like William Stukeley working at Stonehenge, produced drawings that:

remain useful to archaeologists today because of their accuracy, which helped link sites with ancient cultures.

Stratigraphy is useful to archaeologists because:

it allows them to identify the order in which soil layers accumulated.

The 19th-century anthropological belief in the development of culture from primitive, to barbarous, to civilized:

is flawed because it assumes a unilinear progression of culture toward a European norm.

According to your textbook, ______ and ________ led directly to a rise in archaeological science in the mid-twentieth century.

Radiocarbon dating and the study of DNA

________________________ describes a group of artifacts repeatedly found together, something important for the research of archaeologists like V. Gordon Childe.

An assemblage

According to the latest analysis, large human-made mounds located along the Mississippi were built by

the ancestors of the same Native Americans who have continued to live on the land today.

Post-processual critique of earlier archaeological practices included:

Correct answer:

All listed critiques are part of post-processual theories.

According to archaeologist Laurie Wilkie, "archaeological doing starts not with a trowel but with ____________."

Methods

Ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology are both _______________ techniques, emphasizing hypothesis-making and the scientific process in archaeological interpretation.

Processual

According to archaeologist James Delgado, the heart of San Francisco's commercial district shifted to the ________________ after the 1849 Gold Rush, meaning archaeologists should look there for clues about the city's commerce.

The waterfront and newly-constructed long wharves

According to lecture, the site of the Emeryville Shellmound:

Was excavated, poisoned, and demolished in the early 20th century to make way for a mall.

According to the Atalay et al 2017 comic book reading, how should Historical Societies and Private Collectors handle human remains?

While they are not subject to NAGPRA, they can still "do the right thing" and follow the spirit of the law to return remains.

According to lecture and discussion section, which of the following principles is NOT included in the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) Code of Ethics? [https://www.saa.org/career-practice/ethics-in-professional-archaeology]

Respect and Representation

Which of the following is an example of an ecofact?

A soil sample, gathered near a feature

According to your textbook, religious extremism led to the destruction of the archaeological site of _______________ in 2001.

The Bamiyan Buddhas

The underwater sites of the Queen Anne's Revenge and the recently discovered Endeavour have been controversial. According to lecture, which of these lines of evidence (among others) have helped identify both these sites?

Measurements and construction techniques

An archaeologist encounters a bottle with an elaborate label from a local brewery, but no beer inside anymore. The bottle was likely used as:

Any of these: further testing is needed to avoid assumptions about an object's use

According to lecture, Blackbeard raided Charles Towne, South Carolina in search of:

STD medicine

According to your textbook, the Parthenon Marbles (or "Elgin Marbles") are a subject of dispute between the United Kingdom and Greece. What is that dispute?

Greece demands they be repatriated since they were taken while Greece was under foreign rule.

The sites of Vindolanda, Ozette, and San Francisco's sunken ship have an environmental condition in common:

Oxygen-low soil conditions

According to the most recent analysis (part of lecture, since the textbook is older), Kennewick Man is closely genetically linked with:

The Colville or other tribes from the Kennewick, Washington area.

According to your textbook, at the Ozette site, both the archaeologists and the Makah:

Cooperated through the involvement of elders and young people

According to your textbook, NAGPRA is made more complicated because

There is no unified Indigenous tradition that can be fit into law

__________________ is a great example of both cultural and natural formation processes, representing BOTH purposeful cultural preservation and natural preservation.

King Tut

An archaeologist who is interested in studying change-over-time would use a _______________ analysis.

Synchronic

You are working at a site with very thick clay soil. Which screening technique is best?

Wet screening

According to guest lecturer Gabriel Sanchez, archaeologists worked with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band to identify the archaeological presence of ___________, which was important to the present-day tribal members for understanding past ecology.

Fish

According to lecture, archaeologists working at Metini/Fort Ross found that chips of stone from tool making decreased over time, while similar chips of class increased over time. This suggests that:

Kashaya Pomo technology adapted to include new materials.

_________________ is the best aerial reconnaissance method for dealing with extremely large scale sites.

Satellite Imaging

According to lecture, archaeologists might have to choose between saving everything vs. only saving ___________ artifacts, which can be analyzed.

diagnostic

Which of these important dig kit items was not present in Professor Lowman's dig kit, but would be important in any field setting?

Sunscreen

_______________ describes an excavation method that is especially useful for very deep sites that require a lot of depth, like Catalhoyuk (in lecture).

Step trenching

Stratified Unaligned Systematic

combines techniques by dividing the study area into equally sized locations, followed by random locations within them.

Stratified Random

involves dividing the site into different areas often based on landscape features such as hills/valleys or rivers.

Systematic

is fast and evenly spread across an entire site area.

Random

is inherently biased since clusters of locations can appear anywhere within it.

When using a trowel for excavation, the most common method is to use

The edge, since it can scrape the surface lightly

During her work with the Kashaya Pomo, archaeologists worked with Kashaya cultural laws that separate sacred and earthly places. Because of that:

Archaeology needed to be reframed as a spiritual practice, since it dealt with ancestors.

When working with Native American tribes or nations, archaeologists often work with a ______________, who is responsible for identifying, recording, and preserving sites connected to the Native American culture.

THPO

According to lecture, one sampling technique is especially useful for community collaborative projects. It is:

Judgemental

According to your textbook, is there a quantitative bias toward more recent times when archaeologists focus only on surface finds?

While there is some, surprisingly most surface surveys are multi-period.

According to lecture, in the field, should archaeologists use knee pads?

YES! Always take care of your body in physical labor situations.

During her work with the Kashaya Pomo, archaeologists worked with Kashaya cultural laws that separate sacred and earthly places. Because of that:

Archaeology needed to be reframed as a spiritual practice, since it dealt with ancestors.

If historical documents indicated the presence of a baked clay hearth, _________________ would be the best remote sensing technique for distinguishing its presence from surrounding soil.

Magnetometry

According to your textbook, LiDAR renders are especially useful because:

The angle of the sun can be digitally manipulated to view the landscape in optimal lighting.

If archaeologists believe there may be a hollow space underground, such as a coffin or cavity, __________________ would be the best remote sensing technique for distinguishing its presence from the surrounding soil.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR)

An archaeologist determines that only 12.5 percent of an ecofact's original carbon-14 remains. How many years old is the ecofact?

17,190 (half life x 3)

____________ refers to the systematic organization of artifacts based on shared attributes like style, size, color, or material.

Typology

At the time of death, living things:

Cease to absorb carbon-14 through carbon dioxide.

__________________ are the small, silica-derived particles found in plant cells, which are useful in determining species in ancient environments.

Phytoliths

Archaeologists working at Catalhoyuk have called it a "proto-city." Why?

The settlement lacked civic structures such as marketplaces or temples; diverse activities took place in households.

_______________ refers to a stylistic sequence made through comparing rises and falls in the popularity of a particular object's design.

Seriation

In a single stratigraphic later, you find three coins, dated 1685, 1700, and 1705. There is a fourth coin that could be from any time between 1690 and 1710, but it is not definite. What is the TPQ for the deposit?

1705, the latest definite date

According to Venicia's guest lecture, which of the following categories of plant remains is best preserved on grinding stones and cooking vessels?

Starches

According to Venicia's guest lecture, ____________ is the best recovery method for all size classes of plant remains and allows for quantitative analysis.

Flotation

Which of the following faunal remains are most widely useful for archaeologists for determining ancient environmental conditions?

Microfauna such as microscopic organisms, insects, and rodents

Amberat is ________________.

Hardened rodent urine useful for ecofact preservation.

As Dr. Jillian Swift's research has shown, chemical isotope analysis is particularly useful for considering ancient diets. Why is this?

All of these are true.

Different plants have different chemical signatures depending on their surrounding environment, such as marine or terrestrial sources.

Animals absorb the chemical signatures of the plant life they consume

Animals absorb the chemical signatures of the other animal life they consume

According to your textbook, radiocarbon dating must be calibrated. This is because:

Atmospheric concentration of carbon-14 has changed over time, especially before 1000 BCE

New research based on footprints found in the US southwest suggests humans may have been in North America before 21,000 years ago. 21,000 years ago was the radiocarbon date of organic material in the layer above the footprints. Therefore, this layer functioned as a:

TAQ (date before which)

An archaeologist finds a well-preserved timber-framed structure with signs of burning. Is it possible to find an absolute date for the structure without chemical analysis?

Yes: the tree rings could likely be cross-dated with other tree rings even without lab analysis.

A figurine discovered at Catalhoyuk has been called a "mother goddess," and inspired archaeologists to learn more about the role of women at the site. What did they find?

There is little evidence of social hierarchy. Gender does not appear to have been a major mark of distinction at Catalhoyuk, suggesting it was egalitarian.

Which of the following faunal remains are most widely useful for archaeologists for determining ancient environmental conditions?

Microfauna such as microscopic organisms, insects, and rodents

____________ is an excellent resource for finding out more specifically about sites related to the African Diaspora from the 1500s - 1800s.

DAACS

The natural frequency of ______________ helps archaeologists estimate the natural fire return interval for an environment without human presence.

Lightning

The style of pottery known as _____________________ is important for the African diaspora because it was often made by enslaved individuals, and later rejected following emancipation.

Colonoware

According to lecture, the term "Two-Spirit"

Is a recent term that some people have embraced to describe multiple Native North American genders

Upon Ishi's death in 1916, what happened?

His body was autopsied against his will and his brain sent to the Smithsonian.

What kind of fuels create the easiest path for wildfires to reach the canopy in a forest setting?

Ladder fuels

According to the class on Museum Anthropology, which of the following famous artifacts is the only one to have been successfully repatriated from museums?

Gold artifacts from Machu Picchu

Salvage ethnography involved:

Collecting objects with the assumption that Indigenous culture would vanish

When museums classify objects in general categories from curators' perspectives, such as "bowl" or "tool," this is an example of _______________ classification.

A priori

Archaeologists have found evidence that the famous Birka Warrior was

Biologically female

According to lecture, what is the origin of San Francisco's distinctive Chinatown architecture?

It is based on "fantasies" of Chinese architecture, created in order to retain buildings by Chinese business owners.

Paleopathology refers to:

The study of ancient diseases through examination of human remains.

You are interested in learning the age of an individual based on their skeleton. Which part of the anatomy is most likely to indicate age?

Teeth

According to lecture, "ketchup" is likely of ________________ origin.

Cantonese

Gerry Low-Sabado was important for work at the Arboretum Chinese Quarters. Before excavation began, she asked:

To conduct a ceremony of remembrance for ancestors.

Archaeology at Estate Little Princess was different from most digs. It included a focus on:

Training for college students as well as local children.

While skeletal differences can be related to an individual's ancestry, it is very difficult to identify an individual's ______________ based on skeletal analysis alone.

Race

According to descendants of Stanford Chinese employees, ___________________ were grown on the campus and became an important part of football game tradition.

Chrysanthemums

During WW2, _______ was enough Japanese heritage to allow legal incarceration in an internment camp.

1/16

The name Henrietta Marie is significant because:

It was a ship involved in the trade of enslaved African people, discovered by archaeologists in the 20th century.

You have only fragmentary bones from an individual. A microscopic examination of ________________ could be used to determine their approximate age at death.

Osteons

According to lecture, most Chinese immigrants in the 19th century came from:

Southern

According to archaeologist Bonnie Clark, toys found at Camp Amache suggest

That children were invested in war through their choice of toys.

In Bill Rathje's Garbage Project, archaeologists found that interviewees:

Often hid or misremembered the contents of their trash.

Archaeology at Estate Little Princess was different from most digs. It included a focus on:

Training for college students as well as local children.

According to Barb Voss and colleagues working at the Cangdong Village site, how did the artifacts they find change their conclusions?

Artifacts suggested long established trade networks between California and China.