Child Growth and Development

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian

Authoritative ⭐️

Indulgent permissive

Indifferent-uninvolved

Authoritarian Parenting

Combine high control with little warmth, hard work respect, and obedience

Authoritative Parenting

Combines parental control with being warm and responsive

Indulgent-Permissive

A lot of warmth and caring but little control

Indiffernet-Uninvolved

Uninterested uninvolved provides for basic needs, but little else

Maturation Theory

A theory that views the development as unfolding according to a specific and pre-arrange scheme or plan within the body

Ethnological Theory

views development from an evolutionary perspective

Measurements in Child Development research

Systemic Observation: watching and carefully recording

Naturalistic observation: observing in real life situations

Continuity vs discontinuity

Focuses on connective of development how smart/child is not guaranteed a smart/quiet adult

Nature Vs Nurture

Ex: language development

Nature: vast majority of children are born with the ability to speak and communicate

Nurture: language must be taught and developed with help without children may be delayed.

Active vs Passive child

Children help determine their own development

Correlational Study

Looks at relationships between variables as they correlate.

Experimental Study

Variables are systematically manipulated in order to discover casual effect of one variable on another. Some variables are situational and not necessarily related i.e. ice cream sunburn effect.

Down Syndrome

Extra chromosome, Extra chromosome provided by the egg higher chance of women in their 40s 1 in 50 versus 1 in 1000 for women in their 20s

Three layers present in 3 week embryo

1. Ectoderm: hair, outer layer of skin and nervous system

2. Mesodermal: muscles bones circulatory system

3. Endoderm: digestive system, and lungs

3 stages of Prenatal Development

1. Zygote: first 2 weeks - implants on cell wall cell division every 12 hours

2. Embryo: weeks 3 to 8 - developing body structures and internal organs

3. Fetus: week 9 to 38- increases in size exponentially developed systems essential to human life

Ultrasound

Sound waves generate a picture of the fetus position gender multiples, and physical deformities can be shown

Amniocentesis

Needle inserted through the abdomen, taking a sample of amniotic fluid, analyzes the genotype

Chrornic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Sample of chorion tissue determines around 200 different genetic disorders

Piaget: children are scientists

Children are always curious and constantly want to make sense of their experiences and construct and understanding of the world

Two most significant environmental factors that can contribute to illness and injury

Poverty and stress

Basic emotions vs complex emotions

Basic emotions or universal complex emotions differ among cultures

5 steps to self regulation

1. Reframe the behaviour

2. Recognize the stressors

3. Reduce the stress

4. Reflect to enhance the stress awareness

5. Restore energy

Social learning perspective

Children learn, gender roles in much the same way they learn behaviours through reinforcement and observational learning

Kohlberg’s Cognative Theory

Propose that children’s particular interest in gender typical behaviour usually emerges only after they understand, gender consistency. His ideas are based on the understanding that gender is stable, consistent and constant.

Gender Schema theory

Children first decide if an object activity or behaviour is female or male, and then they use that information to decide whether they should learn more

Why is authoritative parenting the best style of parenting?

Children tend to be responsible, self-reliant and friendly, encourages high expectations and fosters independence. Open communication and uses reasoning opposed to harsh punishment.

Secure attachment Style

Baby might cry when mother leaves, but when she returns baby wants to be with her

Avoidant Attachment style

Baby not upset when Mom leaves and ignores her when she returns

Resistant attachment style

Baby is upset when mother leaves and remains upset when mother returns

Disorganized attachment style

Baby is confused by Mom leaving and does not seem to understand when she returns.