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Population Genetics
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1
Gene
DNA sequence coding for RNA/protein; found at a locus.
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2
Alleles
Different gene variants.
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3
Diploid organisms
Organisms that have two copies of each gene.
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4
Homozygous
Genotype with identical alleles.
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5
Heterozygous
Genotype with different alleles.
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6
Gene pool
All alleles in a population.
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7
Genotype
An individual’s allele combination.
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8
Phenotype
Observable traits.
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9
Population
Group of the same species in a shared environment that can interbreed.
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10
Polymorphism
The presence of two or more alleles at a frequency greater than 1%.
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11
SNPs
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, a major source of genetic variation.
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12
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Mathematical model for allele and genotype frequencies in a population.
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13
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions
No mutations, no natural selection, large population, no migration, random mating.
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14
Microevolution
Changes in a population’s gene pool over generations.
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15
Natural Selection
Beneficial heritable traits become more common over generations.
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16
Adaptation
Evolutionary changes improving survival and reproduction.
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17
Reproductive Success
Likelihood of contributing fertile offspring.
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18
Fitness
Relative reproductive success of a genotype.
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19
Directional Selection
Selection that favors one extreme phenotype.
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20
Stabilizing Selection
Selection that favors intermediate phenotype, against extremes.
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21
Disruptive Selection
Selection that favors both extremes, not intermediates.
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22
Balancing Selection
Maintains genetic variation through balanced polymorphism.
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23
Intrasexual Selection
Same-sex competition for mates/resources.
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24
Intersexual Selection
Mate choice based on traits signaling genetic quality.
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25
Sexual Dimorphism
Visible differences between sexes due to sexual selection.
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26
Cryptic Female Choice
Female-driven mechanisms that influence sperm success in fertilization.
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27
Genetic Drift
Random changes in allele frequencies, independent of fitness.
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28
Bottleneck Effect
Dramatic population reduction followed by recovery.
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29
Founder Effect
Small group separates from a larger population to establish a new colony.
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30
Gene Flow
Movement of alleles between populations.
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31
Assortative Mating
Similar phenotypes mate preferentially.
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32
Disassortative Mating
Dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially.
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33
Inbreeding
Mating between genetically related individuals.
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34
Inbreeding Depression
Reduced fitness due to increased homozygosity of harmful alleles.
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