Population Genetics

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34 Terms

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Gene
DNA sequence coding for RNA/protein; found at a locus.
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Alleles
Different gene variants.
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Diploid organisms
Organisms that have two copies of each gene.
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Homozygous
Genotype with identical alleles.
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Heterozygous
Genotype with different alleles.
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Gene pool
All alleles in a population.
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Genotype
An individual’s allele combination.
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Phenotype
Observable traits.
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Population
Group of the same species in a shared environment that can interbreed.
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Polymorphism
The presence of two or more alleles at a frequency greater than 1%.
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SNPs
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, a major source of genetic variation.
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Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Mathematical model for allele and genotype frequencies in a population.
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions
No mutations, no natural selection, large population, no migration, random mating.
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Microevolution
Changes in a population’s gene pool over generations.
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Natural Selection
Beneficial heritable traits become more common over generations.
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Adaptation
Evolutionary changes improving survival and reproduction.
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Reproductive Success
Likelihood of contributing fertile offspring.
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Fitness
Relative reproductive success of a genotype.
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Directional Selection
Selection that favors one extreme phenotype.
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Stabilizing Selection
Selection that favors intermediate phenotype, against extremes.
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Disruptive Selection
Selection that favors both extremes, not intermediates.
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Balancing Selection
Maintains genetic variation through balanced polymorphism.
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Intrasexual Selection
Same-sex competition for mates/resources.
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Intersexual Selection
Mate choice based on traits signaling genetic quality.
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Sexual Dimorphism
Visible differences between sexes due to sexual selection.
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Cryptic Female Choice
Female-driven mechanisms that influence sperm success in fertilization.
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Genetic Drift
Random changes in allele frequencies, independent of fitness.
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Bottleneck Effect
Dramatic population reduction followed by recovery.
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Founder Effect
Small group separates from a larger population to establish a new colony.
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Gene Flow
Movement of alleles between populations.
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Assortative Mating
Similar phenotypes mate preferentially.
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Disassortative Mating
Dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially.
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Inbreeding
Mating between genetically related individuals.
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Inbreeding Depression
Reduced fitness due to increased homozygosity of harmful alleles.