Massage A&P Ch 4 Skeletal

Bones and cartilage

What type of connective tissue collectively forms the skeleton

Skeleton

The internal scaffolding that supports the body

Form, structural

The skeleton provides an internal framework that anchors the soft tissues and organs to provide both _____ and _____ support for the body

Protection

This rigid framework provides_____ for the internal organs in both the ventral and dorsal cavities.

Channels and openings

Bones provide protective____ & _____ for the eyes, ears, nose, blood vessels, and nerves

Leavers in fulcrum

The bones and joints of the skeleton serve as the ____ & ______ points needed for human locomotion.

Organized

Muscles generate the power for movement, they must work together with the skeletal system to make ______ movement possible.

Calcium, phosphorus, minerals

Bones serve as the primary storage site for_____, ______ and a few other_____.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation

Red bone marrow

blood cell formation carried out by a soft connective tissue mass inside the bones

Red bone marrow

Produces all three types of blood cells

Framework and support

Protection

Leavers and n fulcrums

Mineral storage

Blood cell production

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

206

How many bones are in the skeleton

Axial and appendicular

What are the two divisions of the bones based on their location

Axis or Axial

The head and torso form the core of the body (axis) this region makes up the _____ skeleton.

Appendicular

Bones in the arms and legs (appendages), I called the_______ skeleton.

Axial bones

Cranial and facial, hyiod, ossicles vertebrae, and rib cage

Appendicular bones

Pectoral girdle, upper limb and hand, pelvic girdle, lower limb and foot.

Pectoral girdle

The clavicle, or collarbone, and scapula, or shoulder blade, form the bone arrangement that attaches the upper extremity to the axial skeleton

Upper limb and n hand

Humorous, radius, Alma, carpals, medicarpals and phalanges make up the

Lower limb and foot

Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, and metatarsals make up the

Self-destruction, Reformation

As dynamic organs capable of growth and repair bones constantly undergrow a process of ____ ______ & ______.

Remodeling

The natural cycle of self-destruction and reformation

Reabsorption, deposition

Remodeling has what two parts

Resorption

The breakdown of bone tissue

Into the blood stream

Deposition

The building up of new bone tissue

Decrease blood calcium (CA+)

Resorption and deposition

I'm going processes, dynamic adaptations to the stress and strain put on the bones by growth and development, exercise, diet, injury, and aging

True

Bone remodeling serves as an important homeostatic mechanism to balance the levels of calcium and phosphorus ions in the blood

Resorbed

Blood levels of these ions are low, bone tissue is______

Deposition

When blood levels are high bone _____ occurs.

Fractured

When bones are ______ resorption is inhibited and born deposition occurs at the site of injury

Resorbed

If too much bone is_____ Bones can become weak and brittle as in osteoporosis

Deposited

When too much bone is_________ in an area, bone spurs can occur

Hormones

______ from the endocrine system control and regulate the homeostatic balance between resorption and deposition.

Bone or osteos

Tissue made of cells, fibers, and ground substance, like all connective tissue

hard , resistant

The composition of the matrix (fibers plus ground substance) mix bone ____ and _____ to stretching and tearing making it the perfect tissue to fashion the structural timber of the skeleton

50%

About ______ of the matrix is equally composed of ground substance and collagen fibers arranged to form a structural framework for the bone tissue

Calcify

Calcium and phosphorus mineral salts deposit, crystallize and harden or______, within the collagen frame to complete the other 50% of the tissue

collagen fibers

These mineral deposits make bone hard while the______ ________ make bone resistant to tension, torque, and shearing forces

Four types of cells found in bone tiss

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

Sometimes called bone builders, make and secret college and fibers and ground substance to create the framework for all bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

The cells responsible for bone deposition

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells responsible for the continual exchange of nutrients and waste, which maintains bone as living tissue

Osteoclasts

These bone breakers are large cells that make and secrete acids in other strong lysosomal enzymes to break down bone.

Osteoclasts

Their secretions play a primary role in bone matrix resorption to maintain a normal growth cycle.

Osteogenic cells

The only bone cells capable of mitosis, new cells they create develop into osteoblasts

Osteogenic cells

A thin layer of these cells resides in the outer covering of each bone

Compact bone

Dense and has a hard matrix, making it very resistant to the stresses of body weight and movement

Compact bone

AKA cortical bone, forms the outer layer of all bones and makes up most of the shaft of long bones like the femur, tibia and humorous

Osteons, haversian systems

Small units called_______ or _____ _______, are repeated throughout compact bones.

Osteon, lamellae

Each ______ has concentric rings, similar to those of a tree trunk called ______

Lamellae

Arranged around the central or haversian canal.

Haversian canal

A channel through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel

Lacunae

Osteocytes are located in small spaces around the lamellae

Lacunae

Connected to one another and to the Central canal through an intricate network of tiny channels or canaliculi

Canaliculi

Allow for the passage of nutrients and wastes to and from the osteocytes through the mineralized bone matrix.

Perforating or Volkmann's canals

Transverse canals called______ or ______ ______ push through from the surface of the bone and connect vessels and nerves from outside the bone to vessels and nerves within the central canals

Spongy bone

Tissue looks like a sponge

Cancellous bone

aka spongy bone, refers to its lattice lake appearance

True

Spongy bone reduces the weight of individual bones and the skeleton as a whole

Spongy bone

Found at the ends of longbones and throughout the ribs, sternum, vertebral column and hip bones

Trabeculae

Spongy bone is made up of small structural beams called

Trabeculae

Osteocytes contained in lacunae reside within the

True

Spongy bone, just as in cortical bone, the lacunae are connected by canaliculi

Redbone marrow

What fills the spaces of spongy bone tissue