Reconquista Unit 7

Renaissance

Rebirth

the explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought

Importance of the individual

renewed interest in classical learning and art (Greece and Rome)

Movement began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe (14th - 17th Centuries)

Thriving cities

Wealthy merchant class

Dante Alhegeri

1265 - 1321

Italian poet, writer, and philosopher

Known for his work The Divine Comedy

The Divine Comedy was considered an important work of medieval literature and cornerstone of Italian culture

active in Florentine politics

exiled

Inferno

Referring to artistic depictions & interpretations of the first part of Dante Alighieri’s poem, describing the journey through hell

Four Masters of Renaissance Art

Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael.

Donatello

1386-1466

sculpture more realistic

carved natural postures, expressions that reveal personality

Penitent Magdalene

Leonardo Da Vinci

1452-1519

painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist

Interested in how things worked

Mona Lisa

The Last Supper

Michelangelo

(1475-1564)

used realistic style when depicting the human body

The Sistine Chapel

David

The Pieta

Raphael

1483-1520

studied Michelangelo and Da Vinci's works

Filled walls of Pope Julius II’s library with paintings

School of Athens

Madonna and Child

Printing

Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press. It became a way to print books cheaply and quickly and produce hundreds of copies of a single work. More people had access to books since they were cheaper and the Gutenberg Bible was the first full-size book printed with movable type.

The Prince - Niccholo Machiavelli

1513 - dedicated to Lorenzo Medici

Political guidebook

Examines how a ruler can gain and keep power

Not concerned with what was morally right, but what was politically effective

Prince must sometimes mislead the people and lie to his opponents

Elizabeth Age

Renaissance in England known as the Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth I

William Shakespeare is a most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age

Many of his plays examine human flaws

Displays a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human nature

Merchants and the Medici

Wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state

Dominated politics •Merchants did not inherit social rank – succeeded by their abilities

Florence – Ruled by the Medici (banking family)

Influenced city council members by giving them loans

Medici ruled as dictators • kept the appearance of elected government

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

Introduced perspective

more realistic-looking people

emphasis on details

different subjects

classical mythology

portraits

scenes of normal life

Spirit Behind the Renaissance

Humanism

intellectual movement

focuses on human potential and achievements

The basic spirit of Renaissance society was secularism

worldly rather than spiritual

Church leaders beautified Rome and other cities

Patrons of the arts

financially supported artists

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a movement for religious reform. It rejected papal authority and all sacraments except Baptism and Eucharist. It also rejected tradition as a source of teaching and believed all was God’s grace (Sola Graita).

Martin Luther

1483 - 1546

Augustinian monk

95 Theses

1517 • Posted on the door of Wittenberg's church

Response to Johann Tetzel’s claim to sell indulgences

Causes of the Reformation

Corruption (some cardinals and bishops were more interested in money & power than religion) simony (selling of Church offices), nepotism (appointing family members), Poor education of priests (meant little preaching and teaching) Selling of indulgences (used to finance building St. Peter’s)

Henry VIII

Full name is Henry Tudor

Born on June 28, 1491, in Greenwich Palace in London England

King of England from 22 April 1509 - 1547

Had six marriages and 10 kids

His parents were King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

Devout Catholic

Attacked Luther’s ideas “Defender of the Faith”

Oath of Supremacy

Recognize the divorce

Accept Henry as head of the Church in England

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Monasteries owned ¼ of the land in England

Henry took over the monasteries and kicked out the religious

Gave or sold land to his supporters

Jesuits

St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) founded Jesuits in 1540

New religious order

To fight Protestantism

Had a military structure

4th vow of obedience to Pope

Became important missionaries

Council of Trent

a series of meetings of Catholic clergy that took place from 1545 to 1563

Edict of Worms

1521 - Declared Luther an outlaw and heretic

Response to Luther

Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication, Luther did not take back his statements

Reformation Parliament

Ended pope’s authority in England

Two men were executed for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy

1535 - Bishop John Fisher and Chancellor Thomas More

Muslim Spain

Umayyads arrived in 711 AD

Conquered most of Iberian Peninsula

Called the region “Al-Andalus

Battle of Covadonga

(718-720 AD)

Fought between Muslims and Christians in Northern Spain

Christian forces won, and preserved a small part of Spain from Islam

Beginning of the “Reconquista”

Reconquista

C.800 - 1492 AD

Series of military campaigns by Spanish and Portuguese monarchs to push the Muslims out of the Iberian peninsula

Kingdom of Granada

Last of the Muslim kingdoms in Spain

Located in the south

Falls to Spain in 1492

The Catholic Monarchs

(1474-1504)

Ferdinand (Aragon and Leon) and Isabella (Castille) of Spain

The title given by the Pope for their support of the Reconquista

Helped to unite Spanish kingdoms

Encouraged new explorations

Spanish Inquisition

Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain persecuted non-Catholics

Jews and Muslims forced to convert or leave

The death penalty was used for those who still practiced their old religion

Ottomans vs. the West

Ottoman Empire

Muslim

based in Turkey

Fighting against Venice

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Christian kingdoms created the Holy League to fight Ottomans

Pope Alexander VI

(1431-1503)

his uncle, Pope Callistus III, appointed him a cardinal

he had several illegitimate children

he carved up parts of the papal states to give them land

Focused more on political goals than religion

Savonarola

(1452-1498)

Florentine preacher

Tried to get rid of vice in Florence

criticised Pope Alexander VI’s lifestyle

Excommunicated for heresy by Alexander VI

Executed by the city of Florence

Reformation

Movement for religious reform

Rejected papal authority

Rejected all sacraments except Baptism and Lord's Supper (Eucharist)

Salvation by faith alone (sola Fide)

Rejected Tradition as a source of teaching (sola Scriptura)

All is God's grace (Sola Gratia)

John Calvin

1536 – Institutes of Christian Religion

Teachings:

Total depravity (people are sinful by nature)

Double Predestination (God destines people for both heaven AND hell)

God only saves a few people

1541 – established city government of Geneva, Switzerland, as a Protestant theocracy

St. Teresa of Avila

Spanish nun and 1st woman Doctor of the Church

Reformed the Carmelite Order

Had mystical experiences of God

Works:

Interior Castle

The Way of Perfection

Council of Trent

1545-1563

Pope Paul III called for the Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV and Pius V carried out the council’s decrees

Reaffirmed Church teaching on seven sacraments

Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist: The Eucharist is a real sacrifice

Reformed the clergy, correct abuses

Schools

Bishops must live in own diocese

Justification – faith and works