hsp3u exam review

social science

Is the study of people as individuals and as members of groups such as families, tribes, and communities

what do social scientists do

• they seek to understand people and cultures and to gain insight into human behaviour

• Must gather data through case studies, experiments, surveys, interviews and observation. They then analyze their data and draw conclusions.

psychology

The study of the mind and behaviour

what do psychologists do

• study why we act the way we do

• try to explain, describe, predict and control behaviour and mental process

• work with people to help them understand themselves and make their lives happier

social psychology

the study of how thoughts, feelings. actions, and behaviours are influenced by others

sociology

The study of humans in groups/society and their social interactions

what do sociologists do

• examine how the group we belong to shape and influence who we are

• try to answer questions about how different societies function and why certain social behaviours exist

anthropology

The study of humanity, both in the past and in the present

what do anthropologists do

• study the similarities and differences between cultures

• examine the origins of humans and human culture

• examine how we live, think, communicate, produce, and interact with their social and physical environment

qualitative data

• Deals with descriptions

• Data can be observed but not measured

quantitative data

• Deals with numbers

• Data which can be measured

society

a groups of people who share a culture and territory

ethnocentrism

when a person judges other people's culture from their own culture's point of view. It can look at things like language, customs, religion and behaviour.

research methods

• case study

• experiment

• sample survey

• interviews

• unstructured observations

• structured observations

• participant observations

case study

a research focusing on a problem affecting a population, place, and organization

pros of a case study

• reveals the unexpected

• able to analyze in depth

• helps to develop new research

cons of a case study

• difficult to replicate the results

• can be time consuming

experiment

a method of data collection designed to test hypothesis under controlled conditions

pros of an experiment

• results can be duplicated

• researchers are given much control

cons of a experiment

• time consuming

• may be ethical or practical problems

sample survey

a survey conducted to determine attitudes of individuals in a population toward a particular subject

pros of a sample survey

• easy to do

• cheap to do

• gathering results can be quick

cons of a sample survey

• not everyone does it when asked

• no guarantee people will answer truthfully

interviews

a session where one person asks questions, and the other answers

pros of an interview

• gives data directly from the person

• avoids the problem of a low response rate

cons of an interview

• can be time consuming

• bias can occur

unstructured observations

an observation that takes place with no plan

structured observations

the observer has a list of behaviours that are looking for

participant observations

the observer is immersed in the daily lives of the participants

pros of observations

• easy to do

• research is done in natural surroundings

cons of observations

• not everything is observed

• time consuming

the social science inquiry method

1. identify a problem or a question

2. develop a hypothesis

3. gather data

4. analyze the data

5. draw conclusions

independent variable

a factor that researchers intentionally manipulate or vary to observe its impact on other variables

dependent variable

the measured outcome that changes based on the manipulation of the independent variable

control group

does not get the independent variable

Ex: Do people living in colder climates have more medical conditions?

• independent variable: colder climates

• dependent variable: medical conditions

• control group: people living in hotter climates

4 lobes of the brain

• parietal lobe

• frontal lobe

• occipital lobe

• temporal lobe

what does a neuroscientist do

they specialize in the study of the human brain

parietal lobe

process sensory information from the body (ex: pain, touch, pressure)

where is the parietal lobe located

it is located at behind the frontal lobe

occipital lobe

processes bright visual cues/visual information

where is the occipital lobe located

it is located at the back of the head

frontal lobe

involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language

damage to the frontal lobe may cause

mood changes

where is the frontal lobe located

it is located at the front of the head

temporal lobe

helps to sort out auditory information (ex: language, understand the meaning of lyrics)

where is the temporal lobe located

it is located at the side of the head

the left hemisphere of the temporal lobe is

more for verbal memory

the right hemisphere of the temporal lobe is

for visual memory

the left hemisphere of the brain is

responsible for verbal and logical tasks (ex. speaking, reading, math)

the right hemisphere of the brain is

largely responsible for non-verbal tasks (Ex. attention, emotions)

teenage hood gives humans the ability to

solve abstract problems

risky behaviour helps teens to

problem solve and develop strategies and persistence

Sigmund Freud

• father of psychology & clinical therapy

• mind → id, ego, superego

• psychosexual theory of development proposes 5 stages of human development

Psychoanalysis

A process designed to uncover patients' unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to discuss their background, feelings and experiences with a trained psychologist

conscious mind

contains memories we recall

unconscious mind

memories we cannot recall

Id

the pleasure part of our mind; always wanting pleasure

Ego

a mix between the ego and the id. It acts as a mediator between the id and super ego

Superego

element of the mind that encourages thoughtful actions to obtain good results

psychosexual theory of development

proposes that there are 5 stages of human development

psychosexual theory stages

1. oral (ages 0-1)

2. anal (ages 1-3)

3. phallic (ages 3-6)

4. latent (ages 6-11)

5. genital (ages 11-18)

oral stage (ages 0-1)

• main interaction is through the mouth

anal stage (ages 1-3)

• toilet training

• controlling bladder & bowel movements is focused

phallic stage (ages 3-6)

• genitals

• boys → oedipus complex

• girls → electra complex

• attraction to opposite sex parent

• conflict w/ same sex parent

oedipus complex

• feelings of rivalry with the parent of the same sex and sexual desire for the parent of the other sex

• occurring during the phallic stage

electra complex

• a girl’s unconscious sexual desire for her father and feelings of jealousy and resentment toward her mother

• occurring during the phallic stage

latent stage (ages 6-11)

• id → suppressed

• superego develops

• child grows and develops social skills & values

genital stage (ages 11-18)

• puberty

• developing person

• libido active again

classical conditioning

A type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus

defense mechanisms

coping techniques that reduce anxiety that arises from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses by distorting reality.

types of defense mechanisms

• displacement

• regression

• rationalization

• reaction formation

• denial

• repression

displacement

channeling a feeling or thought from its actual source to something or someone else

regression

returning to more primitive levels of behaviour

rationalization

justifying one’s failures with socially acceptable reasons instead of the real reasons

reaction formation

acting the opposite of how you truly feel

denial

not accepting reality because it is too painful

repression

blocking a threatening memory from consciousness

neutral stimulus

there’s no response to it

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that has a reflexive result

unconditioned response

a natural reaction given to a stimuli

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that gives a response after being paired with the conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

response because of the conditioned stimulus

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• classical conditioning with dogs

• dog + food+ salivating + bell experiment

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

• little albert experiment

• related to Palvov’s classical conditioning

what the difference between Pavlov’s experiment and Watson’s experiment

• Pavlov worked with the conditioning of reflexes with the dogs

• Watson worked on it and extended the results to involve the conditioning of human emotions

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

• 5 stages of ‘medical milestones’ for kids

• child development

sensorimotor stage (ages 0-2)

• coordination of senses with motor response

• sensory curiosity about the world

• language used for demands and cataloguing

• object permanence developed

preoperational (ages 2-7)

• symbolic thinking

• use of proper grammar to express full concepts

• imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought still difficult

• conservation developed

concrete operational (ages 7-11)

• concepts attached to concrete situations

• time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts

formal operations (ages 11+)

• theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking

• abstract logic and reasoning

• strategy and planning become possible

• concepts learned in one context can be applied to another

Harry Harlow (1905-1981)

• monkeys/surrogate monkey mother experiment

  • sad monkey being separated from the mom

  • 1st monkey mom had milk, but was made from wire & wood

  • 2nd monkey mom had a soft build & warmth, comfort

  • monkey baby went on to food mom when needed, then immediately went to cling onto the comfort mom

• demonstrated how much maternal touch is vital to a baby/child

Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)

• chimpanzees

• insight learning

• trial and error learning

insight learning

the sudden realization of a solution to a problem

Albert Bandura (1925-2021)

• Bobo Doll Study

  • showed children a video of an adult acting violent towards a Bobo doll, then placed them in a room with one

  • kids who saw the video acted violent to the doll, imitating the adults

• monkey see, monkey do

• proposes people learn largely through observation, imitation, & modelling

B.F Skinner (1904-1990)

• mouse in boxes

  • green light, mouse pulls lever → rewarded with food

  • red light, mouse pulls lever → electrocuted

• positive reinforcement

• operant conditioning

operant conditioning

rewards are introduced to increase a behaviour and punishment is introduced to decrease a behaviour

symbolic interactionism

using special signs and gestures to create shared meanings

what are the agents of socialization?

• family

• peer group

• school

• work

• religion

• culture

• media

what does family teach

• basic bodily functions

• gender roles

• dealing with conflict

• values

• dealing with emotions

• attitudes

• normal rules of behaviour

• family heritage

• manners

• life priorities and lessons