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Interregional patterns of unity
Connections established among regions during Big Era 5.
Reasons for population decline
Decline of Big Empires, Plague, and climate changes.
Environmental impact of population growth in Afro-Eurasia
Deforestation occurred when cities and farming expanded.
Insufficient wood resources
Wood became inadequate for heat, construction, and metalworking.
Consequences of soil erosion
Soil eroded and degraded, negatively affecting agriculture.
Effects of river flooding
River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities.
Impact of famines
Famines resulted in insufficient food for populations.
Migratory group effects
Migrating groups forced others to relocate and introduced new plants and animals.
Cultural diffusion through migration
Migrations spread crafts, farming technologies, warfare techniques, languages, and arts.
Byzantine Empire
A significant state in 600 CE known for its cultural and political influence.
Abbasid Caliphate
A powerful Muslim dynasty that flourished in 800 CE.
Mongol Empire
Established in 1237 CE, it became the largest unified land empire in history.
Ming Dynasty
A prominent Chinese dynasty that rose to power around 1400 CE.
Impact of trade on religion
Trade facilitated the spread of religions.
Growth of cities
Cities and manufacturing centers became larger due to increased trade.
Financial systems during trade
Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long-distance trade.
Geographical diversity in Africa
Africa features deserts, rainforests, and savannas.
Origin of early humans in Africa
Northern Africa's Rift Valley is considered the location of early humans.
Griots
Story-tellers that passed history orally to keep it alive
Nok culture
An ancient West African society known for iron production.
Denneh-Djeno
One of the earliest known African cities.
Mongol conquests
The Mongols united nomadic tribes through military conquest.
Genghis Khan's reputation
Genghis Khan was noted for his military strategies and vast empire.
Pax Mongolica
The period of peace initiated by the Mongol Empire, facilitating trade.
Rise of Islam under Muhammad
Muhammad's successors expanded Islam significantly after his death.
Caliph's role
A caliph is a successor or deputy of Muhammad in Islamic leadership.
Conflict within Islam
Internal conflicts arose, particularly between Sunni and Shia factions.
Abbasids' governance
The Abbasids expanded their empire and collaborated with religious leaders.
Effects of the Middle Ages on trade
Trade was disrupted, and economies shifted back to rural life.
Characteristics of Germanic kingdoms
Government loyalty was to family rather than centralized authority.
Spread of Christianity in Germanic tribes
Christian missionaries promoted beliefs through monasteries.
Charlemagne's legacy
Charlemagne united Germanic tribes and revived learning.
Feudal system structure
Feudalism is based on hierarchies among kings, knights, lords, and peasants.
Chivalry defined
A code of conduct for knights emphasizing bravery and honor.
Role of women in feudal society
Women had limited power; noblewomen could inherit land, but peasant women bore children and worked.
Church reform movements
Reforms began in the 900s to enhance Church power and organization.
Gothic architecture features
Gothic churches featured tall windows, pointed arches, and stained glass.
Goals of the Crusades
Crusades aimed to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity.
First Crusade outcomes
Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and divided the territory.
Impact of the Black Death
Resulted in population decline and economic changes in Europe.
Consequences of the Crusades
They resulted in increased trade, weakened feudalism, and lasting Muslim-Christian tensions.
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