1754-1800s

Define the Albany Plan of Union.

Due to the French keep losing with Britain, this proposal my Benjamin Franklin which called for a more centralized government for the colonies which in turn effectively recruited troops and raise taxes for defense. Set up the foundation for colonial defense.

Who ultimately won the French and Indian war and what did it lead to?

The British won the French and Indian war and signed the Peace of Paris

What was the French and Indian War?

Was a conflict between the French and the British. Both wanted possession of the Ohio River Valley and thought there were encroaching on each other.

What were the results of the Peace of Paris?

1. The French was basically kicked out from North America and the Louisiana Territory was given to Spain

2. The British more than doubled their land holdings on the North America Continent, gaining all land east of the Mississippi River

What was the first consequence of the French and Indian War?

1. Colonists hungry for land began moving westward into Ohio River Valley which greatly intensified conflicts with the American Indians who lived their

Who was the Ottawa leader, Pontiac?

When he heard about the British tryna get to the Ohio River Valley, he led raids on the encroaching colonists

The British say they got it from the French but the french did not get it from the actual owners.

What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

Basically, the British wanted to end the beef between colonists and Native Americans because they wanted to protect the lives of colonists AND keep a trading system.

Forbade colonists from taking land from the Ohio River Valley (West of Appalachian Mountains). PERIOD!!

Why did the Royal Proclamation upset colonists?

It upset the colonists who fought in the war and they felt entitled to overtake the land their. They felt they could improve their lives if they expanded westward and they worked so hard to gain this land.

What was the second consequence of the French and Indian War?

HELLA EXPENSIVE.

Over the course of the war, British debt basically doubled and the cost of running the colonies increased

What did the British Parliament do who get them out of debt?

TAXES, they taxed colonies so they can pay back what they lost during the French and Indian War.

Salutary Neglect

A policy where Britain allowed its colonies considerable freedom in self-governance, leading to the colonists developing a strong sense of independence.

Salutary Neglect was over once the British had to start getting MONEY to get out of debt.

How did the Parliament effect the navigation act?

The Parliament enforced stricter regulations on colonial trade, ensuring that it benefited Britain economically

Quartering Act of 1765

A law that required American colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Sugar Act

Proposed taxes on coffee and wine and other luxury goods and tax on mollasses

Stamp Act of 1765

tax on all paper items like newspapers, playing cards, contracts.

this affected the colonists because during this time they were experiencing unemployment

Virtual Representation

The British governmental theory that Parliament represented all British colonists, regardless of whether they had elected representatives.

So they argued the American colonists were represented. since wasnt very convincing

Sons of Liberty

A secret organization formed in the American colonies to protest British taxation and policies. They played a significant role in coordinating resistance against the Stamp Act and other taxes.

Daughters of Liberty

An organization of women in the American colonies who supported the boycott of British goods and promoted domestic production.

Stamp act Congress

A meeting of 27 delegates from nine American colonies in 1765 to organize a unified protest against the Stamp Act, asserting that only their own assemblies could tax them.

TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

Even if congress rejected the stamp act…

They did so as royal subjects to the British Crown and their country

Not a bid for independence but a demand for rights.

Did the Parliament listen?

Yes, they appealed both the Stamp Act and Sugar Act in response to protests, protect lives of taxers

Declaratory Act

After the appeal of the Stamp Act, the British wanted to show who was in charge so passed this act saying they have the right to pass any law they wanted to on the colonies

Townsend Act

After the colonists thought they got a victory, Parliament went ahead and created new taxes on items imported to the colonies like paper and glass and tea.

What was the response to Townsend Act

The colonies organized protests and boycotts against the new taxes, leading to increased tensions with Britain.

Depended on women to boycott for colonial goods because they were the ones buying household items

What did the women do to protest?

Stopped buying manufactured textiles from Britain. Spun their own cloth, made their own tea instead of imported ones.

What was the Boston Massacre?

An incident where a group of boys and young men began insulting soldiers and throwing snowballs and stones at them. British soldiers killed four colonial civilians and five were injured during a confrontation in Boston, escalating anti-British sentiments. Sign of increasing British tyranny (cruel or aggresive government rule).

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A response to the Tea Act of 1773. Colonists, led by the Sons of Liberty, boarded British ships disguised and American Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor as a protest against taxation without representation.

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

A law that taxed tea imports, giving British merchants a monopoly over tea sales in the American colonies, which fueled colonial dissent. Angered colonists because they were used to smuggled tea from the Dutch.

Coercive Acts

In respond to the Boston Tea Party, they closed down Boston Harbor until all the tea dumped was payed for.

Intolerable Acts

What the colonists called A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774, including the Coercive Acts, aimed at punishing the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party and tightening British control over the colonies.

Who are the Patriots?

Colonial rebels who opposed British rule, advocating for independence and rights.

What was the Continental Congress of 1774?

A meeting where the colonists agreed to resist further violations of their liberties at the hands of Parliament.

Did so in a way because they wanted to stay as British subjects.

What was a guiding principal that many the colonists want to act this way?

Enlightenment Thought

Who were Enlightenment Thinkers

Believed deeply in natural rights, rights were from God not government so the government can never take them away

Wanted a social contract

What was the social contract the Enlightenment thinkers thought of

The power to govern is in the hands of the people and they will go the right to the government to create a government that protected their natural rights

What was the Separation of Powers?

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one group from gaining too much power, typically into the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches.

What happened during the Continental Congress second meeting?

They decided that independence from the British was the only way for their nation to survive and thrive. ONLY THE ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS WANTED THIS, the rest of the American colonists still needed to be influenced

Who was Thomas Paine and what did he do?

Published a pamphlet called “Common Sense”, argued only rational way to move forward in America is to gain independence from Britain.

Ultimately, the majority of colonists have been convinced, independence was the only option.

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

The second continental congress tasked Thomas Jefferson to form the declaration of independence. SHOT THROUGH WITH ENLIGHTENMENT THINKING

On July 4th, what happened?

The declaration of independence was adopted, this led to revolutionary war

Who were the loyalists?

pick me bitches who did not want to separate from Britain, wanted to remain LOYAL

What was the American Revolution?

A conflict between the thirteen American colonies and Britain from 1775 to 1783, resulting in independence for the colonies.

Continental Army

the Continental Congress approved the Assembly of the Continental Army and named George Washington as its general.

Initially poorly trained and they had many humiliating defeats against the British

What was the Battle of Saratoga

When the Patriots finally won and was a turning point. This was when the French decided to ally with the Americans against British

How did the French benefit the Continental Army?

Gave them guns and ships to support their fight against Britain

What was the Battle of Yorktown in 1781?

The last major battle of the American Rev War. The British just didn’t have enough resources to fight american colonists and the British Army surrendered. AMERICA WAS AN INDEPENDENT NATION. Created similar independence in France and Haitai

What is the Articles of Confederation?

After Rev, states established their own constitutions and governments. Largely put power of governance in the legislative body/law making body

Whats were the provisions made in the Constitution of United States

1. All power was put into legislative branch

   1. no president

2. Federal government had very little power for taxing

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

The US had to find something to solve the westward migration and colonists “owning land” without any permission whatsoever. Congress passed this which provided a plan for how unformed territories could be occupied and applied to the Union for Statehood and abolished slavery is northwest territory

What was Shays’ Rebellion

US during this time was not doing well economically. Many farmers went into debt and couldn’t pay their debts due to taxes and inflation.

Daniel Shay was one of those farmers and gathered 1000 other angry farmers and armed themselves. This displayed weakness of the Articles of Confederation

What was the Constitutional Convention?

Purpose was the revise the articles and fix their weaknesses. Was apparent that what they needed was a new constitution altogether

Who were the federalists?

urban folks, wanted a stronger central government

Who were the anti federalists

rural folks who opposed a strong central government, favoring states' rights and a weaker federal authority.

What was the Virginia Plan?

A proposal during the Constitutional Convention that called for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature, where representation would be based on population.

The small states did not like this

Virgina= a big state

New Jersey Plan

A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that suggested equal representation for each state, regardless of population size, to protect the interests of smaller states.

The Great Compromise

A compromise where the House of Representatives would be represented by population and the Senate States would have equal votes, 2 votes per state to balance the interests of both large and small states.

House of Senate

The upper chamber of the United States Congress that provides equal representation for each state, with two senators from each state regardless of population.

Senate States

The term used to describe the states represented in the Senate, where each state has two senators, ensuring equal representation regardless of state population.

How did they account for the large enslaved population in America?

Southerns wanted all their enslaved laborers to be counted so it can boost their power in the house.

Northerners opposed this because they had fewer slaves

What was the 3/5 compromise?

A legislative agreement during the Constitutional Convention that counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for taxation and representation purposes. This compromise was designed to appease southern states while limiting their representation.

What were the federalists papers?

A series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. They outlined the philosophy and arguments supporting the new government established by the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

Anti federalists argued with those essays saying they lacked the bill of rights and protections against federal government

Federalists prevailed and agreed to add a bill of rights to the constitution

What were some future plans of America?

Making systems of education

Artists creating historical themes

Role of the ladies

not societal equals but their new purpose was to raise their sons in the principles of liberty

Who were the presidents

George Washington was President and John Adams was vice

What did George Washington do?

established departments of the teasury and state and war and justice

Who was Alexander Hamilton?

First secretary of treasuer , important for the sweeping policies he produced.

Made plan for federal government to get out of War debts. Consolidating these debts would bind the nation together and improve credibility

National Bank created by him

National Bank

A financial institution established in 1791 under Alexander Hamilton's plan to stabilize and improve the nation's credit and manage debt.

Elastic Clause

The clause in the U.S. Constitution that allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its powers, thus enabling flexibility in federal legislation.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

Wanted to tax whiskeys, these farmers were angry and assaulted the tax collectors tryna collect their revenue. Washington sent people and they won. Made democratic republican angry

Who were the democratic republicans?

A political party formed in the early 1790s that opposed the Federalists, advocating for a more agrarian-based economy and states' rights. Key figures included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Washingtons Farewell Address

A letter written by George Washington in 1796, advising against political parties and foreign alliances, which later influenced American political thought.

Why was John Adams presidency a little rocky at first?

War broke out between Britain and France and even though Adam said they would remain neutral, French kept of seizing American trading ships going to Britain

ZYX Affair

A diplomatic incident in 1797-1798 involving a confrontation between the United States and France, where American envoys were asked for bribes to negotiate, leading to public outrage and an undeclared naval conflict.

Alien and Sedition acts

made it legal and easy to deport any non citizen of the United States and mainly made due to the growing rate of Irish and Scottish immigrants. Sedition acts made it illegal to criticize the government publicly

Virginia and Kentucky

Anti federalists response to Alien and Sedition Acts showing federal outreach in power. Resolutions passed in 1798 and 1799, asserting that states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

Who came into presidency after JOhn Adams

Thomas Jefferson

What was the relationship between Britain, Spain, and the American Indians

During the late 18th century, Britain and Spain both sought to expand their influence over American Indian tribes, often allying with different tribes in conflicts against each other and the emerging United States, leading to significant territorial and cultural shifts.

Indian Trade and Intercourse Act

regulated the realtionship between settlers and Indians and made provisions for fair dealings. sETTLERS DID NOT LISTEN

Pinckney Treaty

decided where the border was between US and Spain

What were the distinct relationships of slavery that began to emerge?

northern states= rapid growth of free blacks

south states= black pop was mainly enslaved

African Methodist Episcopal Church

a religious organization founded in 1816 by free African Americans. It was established to provide a place for Black worship and community involvement, stressing education and self-help.