Chapter_3_Lecture_Notes_-_CHEM_1113_Broering

What is a chemical bond?

An attractive force between atoms that holds them together.

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Define an ionic bond.

A bond formed between a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion) where electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal.

What is lattice energy?

The energy associated with the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions in a crystal lattice.

What is an empirical formula?

The smallest ratio of atoms possible for a given substance.

What distinguishes molecular compounds?

Molecular compounds consist of nonmetal atoms bonded together through covalent bonds.

How are metallic bonds characterized?

Metallic bonds are formed by metal atoms surrounded by a 'sea' of shared electrons.

What defines a polyatomic ion?

A charged group of more than one atom joined together by covalent bonds.

How are binary ionic compounds named?

The first word is the cation's name, and the second word is the anion's base name with an '–ide' ending.

Define Avogadro's number.

Avogadro's number is 6.022 × 10^23 particles, which is the quantity in one mole.

What is molar mass?

The mass in grams of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

What is percent composition?

The percentage by mass of each element in a compound with respect to the total mass.

What is the difference between empirical and molecular formulas?

The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of elements, while the molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms.

What is combustion analysis used for?

To determine the empirical formula of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and possibly oxygen.

How do you find the moles of an element in a sample?

Convert the mass of the element to moles using its molar mass.

What is a binary acid?

An acid that consists of hydrogen and one other nonmetal element.

How do you convert grams to moles?

Use the formula: mass (g) x 1 mol / molar mass (g/mol) = moles.

Name a common method for calculating the empirical formula from percent composition.

Assume a 100 g sample, convert percentages to grams, convert to moles, and then find the simplest ratio.

What are the prefixes used in naming molecular compounds?

Mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-.

How is the molecular formula derived from the empirical formula?

The molecular formula is the empirical formula multiplied by a whole number factor.

What determines the charge of transition metal ions in compounds?

The charge is indicated by Roman numerals in their names.

How do you determine the molecular formula from combustion data?

Calculate the mass of C and H produced, find the total mass of a sample, and calculate the mole ratio.