The Rise and Fall of Ancient Rome
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98 Terms
Who were the three major groups that contributed to the start of Rome?
Latins
Where were the Latins located?
Latium/Central Italy
Who were the original settlers of Rome?
Latins
Where were the Greeks located in Italy?
Magna Graecia/Southern Italy
What did the Greeks contribute to Rome?
Advanced civilization
Where were the Etruscans located?
Etruria/Northern Italy
What did the Etruscans do in Latium?
Conquered the Latins and established a monarchy
What were some major Etruscan contributions to Rome?
Drained swamps
What is the legend of Rome’s founding?
Twin brothers Romulus and Remus
What happened to Romulus and Remus as infants?
Thrown into the Tiber River and rescued by a she-wolf
How did Rome’s first king come to power?
Romulus killed Remus and became king
Who were the first Roman senators?
Romulus’ best 100 warriors
When was Rome officially founded?
753 BC
When did the Roman Republic begin?
509 BC
What is the legend behind the start of the Republic?
A Latin noblewoman was raped by an Etruscan king’s son
How was the Republic structured politically?
Three major tiers
Who were the consuls?
Two officials (one military
What powers did the consuls have?
Could veto each other
Who was a Roman dictator?
A temporary ruler appointed in times of crisis with imperium over both military and state
How long could a Roman dictator rule?
Six months or less
What was the Senate?
A governing body of 300 members elected for life
What was the Centuriate Assembly?
A legislative body comprised of citizen-soldiers that elected consuls and senators
How was the Roman army organized?
Into legions
What was a legion?
A military unit of about 5
What was a century?
A subunit of 80-100 men
What were the two major Roman social classes?
Patricians and Plebeians
Who were the patricians?
The noble class
Who were the plebeians?
Commoners (farmers
What was the Struggle of the Orders?
The plebeians’ fight for political rights
What was the role of the tribunes?
Elected officials who spoke for plebeians in the Senate
What were the Twelve Tables (450 BC)?
Rome’s first codified laws
What rights did plebeians gain over time?
Right to marry patricians (445 BC)
What was clientage in Rome?
A system of patronage
Who were clients?
Often citizen-soldiers needing support
Who were patrons?
Wealthy patricians or senators who provided clients with necessities
What did patrons provide for clients?
Food
What did clients owe their patrons?
Loyalty and political support
By when had Rome conquered Italy?
270 BC
What were the three categories of conquered people?
Full citizens
Who received full Roman citizenship?
Latin-descended people
What rights did partial citizens have?
Could live in Rome
What obligations did Roman allies have?
Pay taxes
What were the Punic Wars?
Three conflicts between Rome and Carthage
Who founded Carthage?
The Phoenicians
What started the First Punic War?
Rome helped Messina against Carthage
What was the result of the First Punic War?
Rome won and took Sicily
How did Hannibal attack Rome in the Second Punic War?
Through the north
What was the Battle of Cannae?
Rome’s worst military defeat
Who was Scipio Africanus?
A Roman general who led forces against Carthage in Africa
What was the Battle of Zama?
The decisive Roman victory over Carthage
Why did the Third Punic War happen?
Carthage attacked without Rome’s permission
What was the result of the Third Punic War?
Rome destroyed Carthage
What happened to Hannibal?
He fled east and committed suicide to avoid capture
What was the foundation of Roman society?
The family
What role did the father have?
Held imperium over children
What rights did Roman women have?
Some were citizens but had limited rights
What was cum manu marriage?
A marriage where the woman passed from her father’s control to her husband’s
What was sine manu marriage?
A marriage where the woman remained under her father’s control
Who was responsible for education in Rome?
Families
What were patrician boys expected to learn?
Latin
Where did Rome get most of its slaves?
Warfare and debt
Who were the Gracchi brothers?
Reformers in the late Republic
What did Tiberius Gracchus advocate for?
Land reform (133 BC)
What happened to Tiberius Gracchus?
He was killed by senators
What happened to Gaius Gracchus?
He continued land reforms but was also killed in 122 BC
Who was Marius?
A Roman general elected consul multiple times
What were Marius’ military reforms?
The state provided soldiers’ supplies and wages
How did Marius’ reforms change soldier loyalty?
Soldiers became more loyal to generals than Rome
What was the Social War (90-88 BC)?
A revolt of free Italians demanding Roman citizenship
Who was Sulla?
A Roman general appointed to fight Mithridates
What did Sulla do in Rome?
Marched on the city
What were Sulla’s reforms?
Expanded the Senate
When did Sulla resign?
79 BC
What was the First Triumvirate?
An alliance of three generals: Crassus
Who was Crassus?
A wealthy leader later killed in battle
Who was Pompey?
A general who conquered Syria and Palestine
Who was Julius Caesar?
A general who gained power in Gaul and later took Rome
What happened to Julius Caesar?
He was assassinated by senators on the Ides of March
What was the Second Triumvirate?
An alliance formed to avenge Caesar’s death
Who were the members of the Second Triumvirate?
Mark Antony
What happened to Mark Antony?
He allied with Cleopatra and was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium (31 BC)
Who became the most powerful leader after the Second Triumvirate?
Octavian
Who was Augustus?
The first emperor of Rome
What title did Augustus prefer?
"Princeps" (first citizen)
What period did Augustus’ rule begin?
Pax Romana (27 BC - 180 AD)
What was the Praetorian Guard?
An elite troop protecting the emperor
What was Rome’s literary Golden Age?
A period of flourishing literature and culture
Who wrote the "Aeneid"?
Virgil
Who wrote "Metamorphoses" and was later exiled?
Ovid
Who was Livy?
A historian who wrote "History of Rome"
What was the Julio-Claudian Dynasty?
Rome’s first imperial family
Who was Tiberius?
Emperor during Jesus’ crucifixion
Who was Caligula?
A mentally unstable emperor who made his horse consul
Who was Claudius?
An emperor who expanded Rome but was poisoned by his wife
Who was Nero?
An emperor blamed for Rome’s fire who persecuted Christians
What was the Year of Four Emperors?
69 AD
Who stabilized Rome after the Year of Four Emperors?
Vespasian
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