S2 Final - World History Keller

What kick started the Industrial Revolution in 18th century Britain?

Coal

What other factor lead to the Industrial Revolution starting in Britain?

Openness to science - science was not restricted by the government or church in Britain, like it was in other European countries.

What critical role did James Watt play in the Industrial Revolution?

He designed an efficient steam engine. Same amount of power as the Newcomen steam engine but 1/4 of the fuel.

How were the lives of workers transformed by James Watt’s invention?

They worked in factories instead of their homes.

What obsolete idea did the French monarch believe?

That wealth is finite, like a pie.

Britain spent money to build up the Royal Navy for what purpose?

To protect private traders.

How was the role of government in the economy different in Britain compared to France?

Britain was committed to free trade, most commercial monopolies were abolished, merchants were free to invest money and take profit as they wanted - in France the government fiercely held on to its monopolies. As a result, entrepreneurship was suffocated.

What was the terrible human cost in the British West Indies?

The exploitation and suffering of millions of slaves. Many lasted no more than three years. During the 18th century just under 2.5 million slaves were transported by the British across the Atlantic.

What was the crop grown in the British West Indies - Britain’s leading import in the 1790’s?

Sugar Cane

What did the British government do with the wealth that flowed into their coffers (government treasury)

Much of the profits became capital which was invested in the development of Britain’s industries.

What impact did the placement of roads have on Britain?

Increased the movement of goods and ideas around the country.

How much of the worlds population did Britain rule over?

1/4

What four things did India give Britain?

Resources, markets, manpower, prestige

The British Empire was built on something decidedly fragile, what was the problem that Britain faced?

A small island like Britain could not find the manpower itself to hold on to this vast new territory.

What was the system that became the cornerstone of the empire?

They paid local soldiers to fight them.

The British need a political system to help them control India, how did it work?

They allowed Indian princes to rule just as before, as long as they paid money to Britain.

As the British extended their grip on India, what did they do with the treaty they had made with the maharajah’s ancestor?

They tore it up. They stripped the maharajah’s of their power but let them keep their palaces.

Why was the Suez Canal important to Britain?

It was the lifeline of the empire and dramatically cut sailing time to India as most of the ships sailing through it were British. The ships took tea, cotton, and jute to Britain. Troops could be sent back to India to quell another mutiny.

What was Hong Kong when Britain took it in 1842?

A cluster of fishing villages.

In a few decades, what did the British turn Honk Kong into?

Busiest, richest, trading posts in the world.

What did the English want to buy from China?

Tea

Why was buying tea from China a problem?

For three centuries, China had restricted trade with the West.

What was the one thing that Britain had to trade that the Chinese wanted?

Opium

What was the name of the wars between Britain and China?

The Opium Wars

Why was one British warship able to destroy much of the Chinese navy in one afternoon?

The British ship was an ocean going steam driven iron warship, modern ship v.s ancient Chinese ships.

What was China forced to do?

Open five ports to trade with the British.

What happened to Hong Kong in 1997?

Returned to Chinese control.

World War 1 Overveiw

* The first war to be declared as a “world” war.
* It lasted for four years from 1914-1918
* It involved more than 30 countries from 6 continents
* 16 million deaths

Militarism

Countries building massive armies and navies

Nationalism

The idea that people of the same ethnic group should live in the same country

Imperialism

When a country acquires land and colonies to build an empire

Alliances

When two or more countries agree to defend each other

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was falling apart. What three groups was this empire made of?

Slavs, Germans, Hungarians

Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s Idea

Give Slavic people an equal role with Germans and Hungarians

Two problems with Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s Idea

* Slavs wanted their own country
* Germans and Hungarians did not want to share power

Bigger problem with Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s Idea

Serbia wanted the Austro-Hungarian provinces, Bosnia and Herzegovina )where Slavic people lived), to be part of Serbia (a Slavic country)

Biggest problem with Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s Idea

Ferdinand and Sophie were shot and killed by a Serbian terrorist while in the city Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The terrorist was Gavrilo Princip, a member of a terrorist group called the Black Hand. The Black Hand had the support of high-level members of the Serbian government.

Events that led to World War 1

1. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife triggered WW1
2. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
3. Russia mobilized troops to aid Serbia (both are Slavic countries)
4. Germany declared war on Russia (to help Austria-Hungary)
5. France declared war on Germany (to help Russia)
6. Germany attacked France through neutral Belgium
7. Great Britain declared war on Germany (to help France and Belgium)
8. Japan Declared war on Germany (To help Great Britain)

Why did so many countries get involved in WW1?

Secret Treaties

The Central Powers (WW1)

German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire

The Allied Powers (WW1)

British Empire, France, Russian Empire (Italy switches sides and joins the Allied Powers after being promised help getting territory)

The German Plan during WW1

Avoid fighting a war on two fronts, attack and defeat France first, then attack Russia

The Problem with the German Plan during WW1

Russia mobilized its army faster than German expected.

Germany must now fight on two fronts: The Eastern front against Russia and the Western front against France.

The result of the German Plan during WW1

Germany sent troops from the west to help fight against Russia in the east. This weakened their army in the west. Germany invaded neutral Belgium on their way to France. The Allies (France and Belgium) stopped the German advance in northern and eastern France.

The Western Front (WW1)

Both sides dug trenches (from Switzerland to the English Channel) and they stayed there for nearly four years.

The Eastern Front (WW1)

In contrast to the Western Front, the Eastern Front moved a great distance, with most of the fighting taking place on Russian soil. The war was a disaster for Russia, resulting in the collapse of the czarist government. Russia was technologically behind the other powerful countries in Europe.

The War at Sea (WW1)

1. Great Britain set up a naval blockade along the German coast to stop contraband (weapons and other military goods) from getting into Germany. They later extended this to include foodstuffs and cotton.
2. Great Britain extended the blockade to neutral ports. Countries such as Denmark, Norway and Sweden made neutral ships got to British port for examination. Against international law of freedom of the seas.
3. Germany set up a counter blockade with U-boats (submarines) against Great Britain. Germany declared it will sink all ships trying to get to Great Britain.
4. Great Britain declared a counter blockade. No chemical fertilizer allowed into Germany.
5. German farmers can’t grow enough food. 750,000 Germans starved to death.

New Weapons (WW1)

**Machine Gun**, **Tank** - used by British, **Airplane** - WW1 flying Aces (Manfred Richthofen the Red Baron shot down 80 allied planes. **Chemical Weapons** - mustard gas (poison gas)

Russia… (WW1)

became the world’s first communist country.

Germany… (WW1)

did not want to fight on two fronts.

They sent Vladimir Lenin and his revolutionaries into Russia to overthrow the new democratic government. Lenin… (WW1)

* became the leader of Russia after the 1917 Revolution
* signed a treaty with Germany pulling Russian troops out of WW1

America’s first response when WW1 broke out was…

to stay neutral.

When president Wilson ran for re-election in 1916, his campaign slogan was: (WW1)

“He kept Us Out of War.”

What happened during Wilson’s first term that outraged most Americans? (WW1)

A German U-Boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania without warning, breaking international law.

Sussex Pledge (WW1)

Germany promise to stop unrestricted submarine warfare but would resume it if the U.S couldn’t get Britain to end the “hunger blockade” against Germany.

Zimmerman note (WW1)

Germany proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany. If war broke out between Germany and America, they promised to help Mexico recover “the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

Unrestricted submarine warfare caused… (WW1)

the United States to enter World War 1. Germany sank four unnamed American merchant ships.

The war against the U-boast (WW1)

1. Laid down a 230 mile barrier of mines from Scotland to Norway to keep the U-boats out of the Atlantic ocean.
2. Used convoys (large groups) surrounded by military ships to get merchant ships across the Atlantic. Cut number of ships lost in half.

The war in Europe (WW1)

General “Black Jack” perishing was the American commander. He convinced the Allies that American troops should fight as a separate army.

The War Ends (WW1)

The Germans realize they can’t win because America will be sending more soldiers. Kaiser Wilhelm (the leader of Germany) abdicates his throne and flees to the Netherlands in November 1918.

President Wilson expressed his ideas of peace in his Fourteen Points Speech (WW1)

* open diplomacy (no secret treaties)
* Freedom of the Seas
* Free Trade
* Reduce size of armies and navies
* Treat colonies fairly

League of Nations (WW1)

tried to promote world peace. The member would protect any nation that was attacked by another

Britain and France wanted to punish… (WW1)

Germany.

The treaty of Versailles humiliated.. (WW1)

Germany and destroyed its economy.

President Wilson tried very hard to get ___ and ___ to reconsider the Treaty of Versailles but they wouldn’t listen (WW1)

Britain and France

In America: (WW1)

Wilson tried to sell his idea of the Fourteen Points, but people were not interested. The Senate rejected Wilson’s idea of a League of Nations. Many senators believed America should isolate itself from Europe’s problems. These people were called: isolationists.

When America entered WW1, two statements were made to justify our involvement.

“The war to end all wars”

“Making the world safe for democracy”

(The tragic legacy of WW1 is that it made the opposite of both of these statements come true.)

The decisions the Allies made after WW1 caused:

A worldwide economic depression: “The Great Depression”

The rise of the most brutal government the world has ever seen

The most destructive war in the history of the world: WW2

The Treaty of Versailles impact on Germany:

1. It destroyed German economy. Germany had to pay for the full cost of the war called reparations ($6,600,000,000)
2. Germany was no longer an empire. Germany lost all of its colonies in Africa
3. Germany lost land and was divided. Other countries took German land. Newley created Polish Corridor separated eastern pat of Germany from the rest of Germany.
4. The German military was virtually eliminated. Army only had 100,000 soldiers, no Air Force, only 6 Naval ships, and Conscription was banned.
5. The German military was not free to move within Germany. The western part of Germany (Rhineland) was demilitarized. No soldiers, military equipment or buildings were allowed within 30 miles of the east bank of the Rhine River. Allied troops were stationed in the Rhineland for 15 years.
6. It humiliated the German people. Germany was made to accept all the blame for WW1

Adolph Hitler

He was the Nazi dictator who ruled Germany during World War 2

Hideki Tojo

He was a military general who became the Premier or Japan. He ordered Japanese forces to attack Pearl Harbor

Hirohito

He was the Emperor of Japan and was worshiped as a god by the people.

Charles de Gaulle

He was the exiled leader of the French resistance.

Joseph Stalin

He was the communist dictator who rules the Soviet Union during WW2. He formed an alliance with the United States and Great Britain.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

He was President when Pearl Harbor was bombed. He asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan.

Francisco Franco

He overthrew the democratic government in Spain, before WW2, with the help of Hitler and Mussolini. He stayed neutral during WW2.

Benito Mussolini

He was the Fascist dictator who rules Italy during WW2

Neville Chamberlain

He was the British prime minister who tried to prevent war by making a deal with Hitler.

Winston Churchill

He was the British Prime minister who the people chose to lead the fight agaisnt Hitler. Time magazine named him: “Leader of the Century”

Harry Truman

He became President when F.D.R died. He made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Appeasement (WW2)

Give Hitler what he wants in the hope of preventing war, practiced by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, made the statement “peace in our time” after making the Munich Pact with Hitler which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler.

Isolationism (WW2)

American foreign policy between the world wars, don’t get involved in Europe’s problems allowed Hitler to become strong because he wasn’t stopped.

Major cause of WW2 was the Treaty of Versailles:

Hitler rebuilt the German military and occupied the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany took over… (WW2)

Austria, with no resistance

After the British and French allowed him to get control of the Sudenten land, Hitler… (WW2)

took the rest of Czechoslovakia showing appeasement to be a foolish policy.

When Hitler invaded Poland, (WW2)

World War 2 began

Who lost more people than any other country during WW2?

The Soviet Union (20 Million)

Allies: (WW2)

United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union

Axis: (WW2)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Accountability and Aftermath (WW2)

Japan could keep their emperor (Hirohito) but only as a figurehead - no power

Japan was demilitarized and a new constitution was written

Japan became a democracy

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War crime trials were held to bring those who had committed crimes against humanity to justice - They were held in Nuremberg (Germany), Tokyo (Japan, and Italy.

South Asian and Southeast Asian Independence

When the war ended, and the Japanese themselves had been forced out, many Southeast Asians refused to live again under European rule. They called for and won their independence, and a series of new nations emerged. 

Born a Crime (key points)

Apartheid in South Africa was a racial segregation system in South Africa, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically through minoritarianism by the nation's dominant minority white population.

Who was Nelson Mandela?

A South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa, and the first black head of state.

What did Nelson Mandela believe in?

Mandela was fighting against apartheid, but he was also fighting for something: a better world, in which the freedom, justice and dignity of all were respected.

The Origin of the Cold War

The Cold War originated in the breakdown of relations between the two main victors in World War II: United States and the Soviet Union, and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc

Civil war in China

The civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920's.

The End of the Cold War

The implementation of nuclear and conventional arms control agreements, the withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe, and the collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War.

Command economic system (socailism)

Relies on government ownership and centralized control of economic resources.

Market economic system (capitalism)

Emphasizes ownership of economic resources with little interference from the government.

Examples from a command economy

* Economic equity is a very important goal in this type of economy
* There is no unemployment in this type of economy
* Housing, heathcare and pensions are provided by the government for everyone
* Most of the land and other economic resources are owned by the government.