Ch #4 - Fuel for Exercise (pt. 1)

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Anabolic Reactions

combination/synthesis of smaller molecules to bigger ones

Amino acids making a protein is an example of what reaction?

Anabolic reaction

Catabolic Reactions

breakdown of molecules (aka exergonic)

Bioenergetics

The process of converting foodstuffs (carbs, proteins, fats) into usable energy

Endergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that require energy to be added (anabolic)

Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy (catabolic)

Coupled Reactions

When the energy released by an exergonic (catabolic) reaction drives an endergonic reaction (anabolic)

Oxidation

The removal of an electron from a molecule.

Reduction

The addition of an electron to a molecule.

What are NAD+ and FAD? Where do we get them from?

1. Important electron carriers inside muscle cells

2. Vitamin B

What are enzymes and what do they do?

Proteins that regulate the speed of cellular chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

How does a slight temperature rise affect enzyme activity?

increases enzyme activity

What is the optimal pH range for an enzyme?

pH of 7-8

Lock-and-Key Model

Substrates fit specifically into an enzyme's active site to form a complex and release products.

Where does glycogenolysis occur and what does it do?

1. Primarily in the cytosol of skeletal muscle & liver cells

2. Breaks down glycogen into glucose

What are triglycerides and where can you find them?

1. The storage form of fat

2. In muscle and adipose tissue.

What is gluconeogenesis? Where is it done?

1. The process of converting non-carbohydrate (no carbon) sources into glucose

2. In the liver

How many carbons are in glucose?

6 carbons

Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of what?

the transfer of hydrogen + the specific electron attached to it

What is the common enzyme postfix

-ase

Substrate

the specific reactant that an enzyme acts on

How does a large temperature rise affect enzyme activity?

denatures it and causes decrease/stop in activity

What happens to an enzyme when the pH increases or decreases too far?

The enzyme changes shape = key (substrate) no longer fits

What is the optimal temperature (Celsius) for an enzyme

37-40

If too much lactic acid is produced during exercise, what happens to the pH?

pH decreases (more acidic)

What is Glycogen? Where do we care about finding it?

1. The stored form of glucose

2. Liver and muscle (skeletal muscle)

What is glucose?

it is blood sugar....and the smallest functional unit of a carb

What is the goal of phospholipids?

To provide structure to a call membrane

not an energy source

Where do steroids come from and what are they used for?

1. Cholesterol

2. Synthesis of sex hormones