SOCI 303 - Final

How does Butler define queer?

Queerness used to be more inclusive - not it is much more of an identity itself

• Queer is an identity where people who feel they do not fit into any other identity can place themselves

What does Butler mean when she says gender is a performance?

• acquiring social ways of doing gender (ie. repetition, rituals, identity)

• gender is something that gets negotiated + changes over time

Does Butler think gender is chosen?

No

Can gender be false or fake in Butler’s opinion?

• Cannot be fake since it is you

• There is nothing fake about gender

Do all transgender people believe and argue that gender is constructed or innate?

Blending of both constructed + innate

How did Butler characterize conflict among feminists and transgender people?

• the 2 groups are more similar than different (yet they can’t recognize that)

• both groups are intertwined

Does Butler appear hostile to biological inquiries into gender?

Not hostile

• should keep an open mind

• both sociological + physiological studies should be embraced

Does Butler think transgender people are a threat to women?

No, it’s an expansion of women = benefit!

How does Butler think about intersectionality?

• enormously important to recognize

• made people realize that we can’t just talk about men + women

  • we don’t come without colour - so don’t automatically assume white

When did the Saskatchewan provincial government implement their new educational pronoun policy?

October 2023

What is the educational pronoun policy?

Piece of legislation to ensure students do not use preferred pronouns or changes to their names w/o the consent of a parent

When + where was the first degree granted to a women?

In the British empire to a Canadian woman in 1875

In the 1800s, what issue(s) were Canadians concerned about regarding the education of women?

• women becoming more masculine

• men becoming more feminine

• universities being emasculated

• women taking jobs from men

What did Kinsey’s work in the 20th century explain about gender and education?

Same-sex experimentation was more likely to occur in single-sex schools

(aka increased homosexual experimentation in all male/female schools)

In the 1900s, what percentage of university undergraduates were female? What was the percentage in the 1920s, and 1980s?

10% in 1900

25% in 1920 (stayed at this percentage until the 60s)

>50% in 1980s

Why is it thought that more men (average percentage-wise) are not going the ‘university route’ these days?

More money in resource collecting (ie. working in oil, gas, etc.) = skipping school debt accumulation

What is gender intensification and when does it tend to occur?

Experiencing socializing influences can lead individuals to become more stereotypical in their gender-role identities, attitudes, and behaviors

Takes place during adolescence

How much more likely are boys diagnosed to be “hyperactive”?

9 times more likely (compared to girls)

Of boys diagnosed to be “hyperactive”, what percentage of those are in special education classes, learning disabled, and emotionally disturbed?

58% special education classes

71% learning disabled

80% emotionally disturbed

(In a ratio) how many adolescents experienced bullying in Canada?

1 in 3 adolescents

Are girls or boys bullied more frequently?

Boys

How is sexual harassment defined?

Unwanted conduct of a sexual nature

What did the 1990 Ontario Ministry of Education study find?

Practice of boys rating girls were prevalent

In the 2011 study, what did the American Association of University Women (AAUW) find?

Over 50% of all women + 40% of males had experienced sexual harassment within the last year

Are girls or boys more likely to experience sexual harassment?

• Girls were far more likely to experience all kinds of sexual

  harassment.

• Girls are more likely to experience unwanted touching or being forced to participate in sex acts.

• Girls + boys experienced similar levels of flashing and

  homophobic harassment.

What did the 2008 survey by Égale Canada find?

• 75% of LGBTQ students felt unsafe at school

• 50% of straight students felt that their schools are unsafe for LGBTQ people

Regarding a 2015 study, what percentage of students have experienced cyberbullying?

1/7th = ~14%

In 1994, what percentage of teachers were female? At what grade levels are female teachers found most often?

72.5% (women more prevalent in elementary education, more male teachers in high school + universities)

Has educational spending increased or decreased since the 1960s?

Increased

What was women’s participation rate in the labour force like in 1952? 2006? Now?

24% in 1952

62% in 2006

~40% nowadays

What is deviance neutralization?

Couples often tend to neutralize any stigma attached to the female partner earning more than the male partner

In a 2012 poll, what did most fathers believe about mothers in the workforce?

They should either work part-time or not at all

What is the percentage of men said that women should not work outside the home?

37%

Is women’s work seen as primary or secondary?

Secondary - perceived as auxiliary

Define equality

Each individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities

Define equity

Recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates resources/opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome

Define vertical segregation

Refers to segregation associated with differences in education, experience and skill.

Define horizontal segregation

Refers to segregation within occupations in different fields that are roughly similar in terms of educational and skill requirements (aka = no education/skill inequality)

What percentage of women have jobs in the “top 20 occupations for women”?

45.8%

What percentage of men have jobs in the “top 20 occupations for men”?

30.1%

In 1981, what percentage did women earn in comparison to what men earned? What did this percentage change to in 1996?

62.5%, 73.5%

What are the 3 main causes for the wage gap?

1. Discrimination

2. Sex segregation

3. Women’s unequal responsibility for childbearing/childrearing

What did Hymowitz argue about in terms of why men earn more than women?

Due to a difference of hours - men just work more hours

What is the wage gap (in percentage) that K+H refer to?

8%

Define the “sticky floor”

Overrepresentation of women at jobs with the lowest pay and lowest prestige

Define the “glass ceiling”

Artificial barriers that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in the organization at the highest levels

What is the “men’s club network”?

Men doing things in a way they like but can be problematic for others in the workplace

What does Farrell argue (in terms of who is the victim in the workplace)? Why does he say so?

Men are the real victims

• Glass cellar is occupied by men

• Almost 25 of the worst jobs are held by men

• men are 30x more likely to die on the job

What do K+H suggest is the real reason behind men’s mortality rate in higher risk jobs?

Logic of masculinity reaffirm that a ‘real mans man’ is able to take risks willingly

What is tokenism/tokens?

People who are admitted into an organization but who are recognizably different from the majority of the members of the organization.

• are accepted due to their minority status

• seen as their category rather than an individual

What are mens experience with the ‘glass ceiling’?

• In a female-dominated occupation → typically do not experience the glass ceiling

  • often end up receiving preferential treatment

• men are typically promoted faster than women in the same occupation

What did an Angus Reid poll reveal about women + sexual harassment?

• over 1/3rd of women experienced it

• 90% (in trades)

What did a 1993 Statistics Canada survey reveal about women + harassment?

87% of women had experienced some form of harassment

What are the 2 types of sexual harassment in the workplace?

1. Quid pro quo harassment = exchanging sex for a work benefit/reward

2. Contentious/Hostile work environment = more predatory

What did a US longitudinal study find about harassment with female managers?

137% more likely to experience harassment than other female workers

What are K+H’s suggestions for a positive social change in the workplace environment?

1. Applying existing laws → ie. 1951 UN International Labour Organization Convention (promoting equal work for equal pay)

2. Application of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act → which forbids discrimination based on race, sex, or national origin

What are the types of pay equity?

1. Equal pay for work

2. Equal pay for work of equal value

In 2012, what percentage of Canadians reported experiencing a disability that interfered with their daily duties?

13.7%

In 2006, what was the rate of poverty for non-disabled Canadians?

9.7%

In 2006, what was the rate of poverty for Canadians living with a disability?

14.4%

In 2006, what was the rate of poverty for Canadians with cognitive or psychological disabilities?

22.3%

What percentage of men and what percentage of women experience disability?

12.5% of men

14.9% of women

Why were women in the 19th + early 20th century discouraged from riding bicycles, horse, and engaging in sports?

Believed that it would adversely impact their fertility

What century were women welcomed into sports?

20th century

What was Title IX that the US passed in 1972?

Abolished all forms of sex discrimination in public schools

Define ideology

A way of thinking about the world despite evidence to the contrary

Define gender ideology

(Erroneous) belief that there are only 2 genders

• the 2 genders are natural expressions of biological characteristics

• those who stray from these gender boundaries are behaving inappropriately

Who was the “male gaze” coined by?

Laura Mulvey who studied films

Define “male gaze”

Refers to how audiences are encouraged to take the perspective of desiring a heterosexual male

What year did US women first obtain the vote?

1920

Define muscle dysphoria

When men feel they are insufficiently muscular

What percentage of college men were dissatisfied with their appearance?

43%

What percentage of men are treated for eating disorders in clinic?

~10%

What percentage of women are treated for eating disorders in clinics?

~20%

Who is Lisa LaFlamme?

• was chief anchor with CTV before being fired in 2022

• allegations behind her firing was due to her greying hair

What percentage of surgical and minimally invasive procedures are accounted for by women?

92%

Define transvestite

Refers to someone who wears the clothing of the opposite sex

In the 1840s, what did Richard Kaan argue?

Masturbation and homosexuality were the result of mental disorders

What concept did Kraft-Ebbing and Hirschfeld establish?

• Ushered in era of sexology

• established concept of sexual orientation = a fixed sexual preference

• Same-sex attraction was not a sin, was just an ‘inversion of normal sexuality’ = abnormal

What years was the sexual revolution attributed to?

1960s and 1970s

What did the sexual revolution refer to?

Increased openness and availability of sexual imagery and information

According to a 2007-2008 Durex survey - how many sexual partners did men vs women suggest they had?

Average of 23 sexual partners for men

Average of 10 sexual partners for women

What percentage of American men and women reported having affairs?

15% for women

21% for men

According to the National Opinion Research Centre (NORC), what percentage of men vs women think about sex “very frequently”?

19% for women

54% for men

Who coined the phrase “compulsory heterosexuality”in 1980?

Adrienne Rich

What does “compulsory heterosexuality” define?

Refers to the multitude of interactions and expectations that people are heterosexual

Define ars erotica.

Eastern philosophy that viewed sex as a pleasurable experience + is more wholly accepting of ideas around sex

Define scientia sexualis. Who is it more applicable to?

Western philosophy that centralized around ideas of “Sex is immoral” (unless to make children)

Breaks things into being right or wrong (moral vs immoral)

What drug launch was the most successful in the United States?

Viagra

What percentage of children have viewed porn online (according to K+H)?

25-40%

When was the Social Purity Movement?

1990s

What was the Social Purity Movement?

Resurgence of purity aspects, typically centered around a sentiment of modesty + religious values