cj

As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law in that it

is generally society's "last line of defense."

Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n)

institution of social control.

American criminal justice consists of three main agencies. Which of the following is

police, courts, and corrections

The only personal experience most people have with the criminal justice process is contact with a

local police officer.

Because the police have multiple responsibilities that may be incompatible, they may suffer from

role conflict

Too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes.

False (not the main problem)

Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.

True

Overcriminalization is mainly a problem when addressing which types of crimes?

Victimless crimes

A typical social definition of crime is behavior that violates the norms or mores of society.

True

A norm or social more is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances.

True

A typical legal definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state."

True

Actus reus refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm.

True

If George did not want to commit a crime but was forced or coerced to do so against his will, he may have committed the crime under duress.

True

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is 18, and the lower limit is usually 7.

True

A necessity defense is a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime.

True

Entrapment is a legal defense against criminal responsibility when a person, who was not already predisposed to it, is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer or by his or her agent.

True

Negligence refers to the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm.

True

Mens rea refers to criminal intent or a guilty state of mind.

True

An ex post facto law declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed.

True

Insanity is defined as mental or psychological impairment or retardation as a defense against a criminal charge.

True

Mala prohibita offenses are illegal because laws define them as such.

True

Mala in se crimes are considered to be "wrong in themselves" and are characterized by universality and timelessness.

True

The dark figure of crime refers to crimes that are not officially recorded by the police.

True

A crime rate may be expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population.

True

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States.

True

Arson is a Part I offense.

True

A status offense is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult.

True

Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime.

True

Murder data can be found in the UCR but not the NCVS.

True

Self-report crime surveys ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes.

True

Crime index offenses cleared is defined as the number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charged with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution.

True

For many crime victims, fear is the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization.

True

The most important problem with the M'Naghten rule is that it fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions.

True

About 10-15 percent of all crimes committed annually are violent crimes.

True

Most self-report crime surveys in the U.S. have been administered to school children.

True

Formal means of social control that involves rules enforceable by courts

Criminal law

A crime is a violation of the

penal code

Penal sanctions used to prevent undesired conduct and provide retribution

Punishment

Criminal law of the United States is derived from

England

Decision in a case used for future similar cases

Precedent

Using precedents to guide future court decisions

Stare decisis

Due process rights for criminal suspects in the US found in

the Bill of Rights

Amendment extending procedural safeguards to state crimes

Fourteenth

Protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures

Fourth Amendment

Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial

Sixth Amendment

States that excessive bail shall not be required

Eighth Amendment

Explorations or inspections for discovering evidence of crimes

Searches

Written order directing officers to search or arrest

Warrant

Supreme Court case limiting scope of searches incident to an arrest

Chimel v. California

Warrantless search justified in emergencies

Exigent circumstances doctrine

Arrest warrant issued if evidence shows a law violation and person committed it

A violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested committed the violation

Legal standard permitting stop-and-frisk

Reasonable suspicion

Evidence more likely than not to outweigh opposing evidence

Preponderance of evidence

Standard required for search or arrest

Probable cause

Standard of proof to find defendant guilty

Beyond a reasonable doubt

Exclusionary rule created

Weeks v. United States

Exclusionary rule extended to state courts

Mapp v. Ohio

Supreme Court cases providing exceptions to the exclusionary rule

United States v. Leon, Massachusetts v. Sheppard, Nix v. Williams

Attaching a GPS device without a warrant violates

Fourth Amendment

Broadened protection against self-incrimination

Miranda v. Arizona

Extended Sixth Amendment right to counsel for indigent defendants

Gideon v. Wainwright

Right to counsel can only be waived knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

Knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

Most important factor contributing to wrongful convictions

Eyewitness misidentification

Vast majority of American law enforcement agencies

Local

Basic concepts of American law enforcement originated in

England

Sir Robert Peel: main function of police

Preventive patrol

Early Americans' reaction to police departments

Resisted

First American city to create a paid municipal police force

New York

Post-Civil War municipal police characteristic

Wearing uniforms

Frontier method to maintain order

Vigilantism

August Vollmer principle for professional policing

Education

1970s research finding

Unattended disorder signals more serious criminals can operate

Community policing shift

From incident-based to problem-oriented approach

First federal law enforcement agents

U.S. Marshals

U.S. Secret Service purpose

To combat counterfeiting

DEA created by

Richard Nixon

War on Drugs started with

Harrison Act

Majority of public law enforcement agencies

Local police agencies

Breaking up fights, crowd control, domestic dispute intervention

Order maintenance

Delivering services like hospital transport, escorting processions

Service

Police duty example of law enforcement

Investigating a missing child case

Most county sheriffs

Elected by voters

Official providing civil process for the court

Sheriffs

State without state policing agency

Hawaii

Primary responsibility for investigating/prosecuting terrorism

Federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies

FBI top priority

Intelligence and counterterrorism

Proprietary security agents provide services only for employing agency

They provide services only for the agency that employs them

State law enforcement model with same powers as local police

State police model

Most personal experience with criminal justice

Local police officer

Police with incompatible responsibilities may suffer from

Role conflict

Officer style focused on keeping the peace

Watchman style

Most time-consuming police task

Patrol

Random patrol involving systematic unsystematic observation

Preventive patrol

Patrol with guidance based on crime analysis

Directed

Conducts preliminary investigation in felony cases

Patrol officers

Foot patrol experiment finding

Reduced fear of crime

DNA profile derived from

All of the answers are correct

Large percentage of highway deaths/injuries

Alcohol

Police targeting drugs, focusing on large distributors

Major investigations

Foundation of professional policing

Follow-up investigation