APUSH Unit 5- Manifest Destiny, War, Reconstruction

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Mexican War

(1846-1848) Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers; Whigs opposed.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Free-soil movement

Opposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west); subcategory of the Republican party who were also abolitionists; popular during the late antebellum period; Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party.

Compromise of 1850

CA admitted as a free state, increased fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in Washington DC; popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Personal-Liberty Laws

pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.

American Party (Know-nothings)

a former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists)

Dred Scott case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden, offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Robert E. Lee

Appointed command of the Confederate Army in 1862 during the Civil War. Despite his skill he was forced to surrender to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Ulysses S.

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Habeas Corpus

Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment.

NYC Draft Rios

The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war.

Emancipation proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

March to the Sea

Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea.

Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th)

13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.

Reconstruction Act of 1857

This Act was passed by Congress which was vetoed by President Johnson. This Act invalidated the state govn'ts formed under the Lincoln & Johnson plans and all the legal decisions made by those govn'ts.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

KKK Act

With passage of the Third Force Act, popularly known as the Ku Klux Act, Congress authorizes President Ulysses S. Grant to declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist organizations, and use military force to suppress the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Slaughter-House Cases

(1873) - The Court ruled that the privileges and immunities clause protected only certain narrow federal rights, such as the right to travel, to petition Congress, and to vote in national elections - not the protections found in the Bill of Rights.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Munn v. Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Blanche Bruce and Hiram Revels

An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.

1860 Election

Election where slavery was the central issue, Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won over John Breckinridge (Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party). Lincoln won 40% of popular vote, but won a large majority of electoral votes. Lincoln's victory leads the south to secede.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation.