Apologetics Quiz 2

Validity 有效性

the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency 中肯
在逻辑上或事实上合理、可靠的性质；合理性或说服力

Truth Claims 真理主张

A statement that propose something to be true or correlate with reality
一个声称某件事情为真实，或与现实相符合的陈述。

Method to analyze truth claims 分析真理主张的方法 (6)

Falsifiability 可证伪性

Empirically Verifiable 经验可验证性

Parsimony 简约原则

Probabilistic Reasoning 概率推理

Generalizability 可推广性

Converging Evidence 汇聚证据

Falsifiability 可证伪性

• The ability of a claim to be tested and proven wrong
  一个主张能够被检验，并且有可能被证明是错误的能力。

• Ex: Resurrection 耶稣复活
  → If evidence showed that Jesus did not rise from the dead, the claim could be proven wrong.
  如果证据证明耶稣没有从死里复活，这个主张就有可能被证明是错误的

Empirically Verifiable 经验可验证性

• Something that can be tested or confirmed through observation sense，or experience
  某件事情可以通过观察，感觉或经历进行检验或确认

• Ex: Doctrine of Sin 罪的教义

Parsimony 简约原则

• The idea that the simplest explanation is usually the best
  认为最简单的解释通常是最好的解释这一观点。

• Simpler theories follow the desire for parsimony
  更简单的理论符合简约原则的要求。

• Ex: “People sin because they are naturally imperfect.”
  “人会犯罪是因为人本身是不完美的”

Probabilistic Reasoning 概率推理

• Using evidence to decide how likely something is to be true
  利用证据来判断某件事情有多大可能是真的。

• chances of it are 1n%
  它发生的可能性是 1n%。

• Ex: Resurrection 耶稣复活

→ The more evidence that supports the resurrection, the more likely the claim may be true.
支持复活的证据越多，这个主张为真的可能性就越高

Generalizability 可推广性

• The ability to apply results to a larger group or different situations
  将研究结果应用到更大群体或不同情况中的能力。

• depends on method and sample
  取决于研究方法和样本。

• Ex: All people have sinned

Converging Evidence 汇聚证据

• Different pieces of evidence that support the same conclusion
  不同的证据共同支持同一个结论。

• a single study is not enough
  单独的一项研究是不够的。

• Ex: Jesus’s Resurrection 耶稣复活

Logical syllogism 逻辑三段论

If there’s a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work (including the premise), not just most of them.
如果一个论证是由一连串的推理组成的，那么这条推理链中的每一个环节都必须成立（包括前提），而不仅仅是大部分环节成立。

“Occam’s razor” “奥卡姆剃刀”原则

When you have a choice, choose the simplest hypothesis
当你有多个选择时，选择最简单的假设

Always ask whether the hypothesis can be, at least in principle, falsified.
始终要问：这个假设至少在原则上是否可以被证伪

Propositions that are untestable, unfalsifiable are not worth much.
无法被检验、无法被证伪的命题，其价值通常不高

Evidence of Divine inspiration (overview) 神圣启示的证据（概述）

• Unique claims of Christianity and fulfilled prophecies
  基督教独特的主张以及已经实现的预言

• Unity 统一性

• Existence of multitudes of believers before the Bible was even complete
  在《圣经》甚至还没有完成之前，就已经存在大量的信徒

• Scientific foreknowledge in the Bible
  《圣经》中存在科学方面的预知

• Historical accuracy and consistency in ancient accounts
  古代记载中的历史准确性和一致性

• Power to change lives
  改变生命的力量

Unity 统一性

Internal consistency of the Bible despite different authors, times, situation
尽管《圣经》由不同的作者在不同的时代、不同的情况下写成，但其内部仍然保持一致性

Scientific foreknowledge in the Bible《圣经》中存在科学方面的预知

several books allude to facts not known until 20th century
其中几卷书提到了直到20世纪才被人们知道的事实

Why Believe the Bible Is Inspired by God?

为什么相信圣经是上帝所启示的？

• historical evidence 历史证据

• fulfilled prophecies 已经实现的预言

• unity 圣经的统一性

• power to change lives 改变生命的力量

How Do We Know That the Bible We Have Today Is the Same as the Original Writings?

我们怎么知道今天的圣经和最初的原文一样？

Old Testament 旧约

• The Masoretic Text 马所拉文本

• Dead Sea Scrolls 死海古卷

New Testament 新约

• Cross-referencing 交叉比对

• Textual criticism 文本批判

Doctrine of Sin 罪的教义

Sin is disobedience against God and separates people from God.
罪是违背上帝，并使人与上帝隔绝

• All people have sinned.
  所有人都犯了罪。

• Sin entered the world through Adam and Eve.
  罪通过亚当和夏娃进入世界。

• Sin separates people from God.
  罪使人与上帝隔绝。

• The result of sin is death.
  罪的结果是死亡。

Doctrine of Grace 恩典的教义

Grace is God’s undeserved love and favor toward sinners.
恩典是上帝赐给罪人的、我们不配得的爱和恩惠。

• We cannot earn God’s grace.
  我们不能靠自己的行为赚取上帝的恩典。

• God gives grace freely.
  上帝白白赐下恩典。

• We are saved by grace through faith.
  我们借着恩典、因着信得救。

• God’s grace provides forgiveness and salvation.
  上帝的恩典带来赦免和救恩。

Existence of God 上帝的存在

God is the Creator and the source of all things.
上帝是创造者，是万物的源头。

• Creation 创造
  The universe and nature point to a Creator.
  宇宙和自然指向一位创造者。

• Design 设计
  The order and complexity of the universe suggest intelligent design.
  宇宙中的秩序和复杂性显示出智慧的设计。

• Moral Law 道德律
  Objective moral values can point to a moral Lawgiver.
  客观的道德标准可以指向一位道德律法的制定者。

• Human Experience 人的经历
  People throughout history have experienced belief in and relationship with God.
  历史上许多人都有对上帝的信仰和与上帝的关系。

Doctrine of Christ 基督的教义

Jesus Christ is fully God and fully human.
耶稣基督完全是神，也完全是人。

• Jesus is the Son of God.
  耶稣是上帝的儿子。

• Jesus is God.
  耶稣就是神。

• Jesus became human.
  耶稣成为人。

• Jesus lived a sinless life.
  耶稣过着无罪的生活。

• Jesus came to save humanity from sin.
  耶稣来到世上拯救人类脱离罪。

Death Crucifixion

耶稣的死亡 钉十字架

Jesus was crucified and died on the cross for the sins of humanity.
耶稣被钉在十字架上，为人类的罪而死。

• Jesus was betrayed and arrested.
  耶稣被出卖并被捕。

• He was tried and condemned.
  他接受审判并被定罪。

• He was crucified on the cross.
  他被钉在十字架上。

• He died and was buried.
  他死了并被埋葬。

• His death was a sacrifice for sin.
  他的死是为罪献上的牺牲。

Resurrection 复活

Jesus rose from the dead on the third day.
耶稣在第三天从死里复活。

• Jesus really died on the cross.
  耶稣确实死在十字架上。

• His tomb was found empty.
  他的坟墓被发现是空的。

• Jesus rose from the dead on the third day.
  耶稣第三天从死里复活。

• He appeared to His disciples and others.
  他向门徒和其他人显现。

• The resurrection shows Jesus’ victory over sin and death.
  复活显示耶稣胜过罪和死亡。

• The resurrection is an important foundation of Christian faith.
  复活是基督教信仰的重要基础。