9th Grade Biology Semester 1 Final Study Guide

Homeostasis

Maintaining constant internal body conditions.

Cellular Respiration

Process converting glucose and oxygen into ATP.

ATP

Energy currency of the cell.

Muscular System

Allows movement and pumps blood.

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen in, removes carbon dioxide.

Circulatory System

Pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Nervous System

Communication from brain to body cells.

Negative Feedback Loop

Returns body to homeostasis after a change.

Positive Feedback Loop

Amplifies change until a specific outcome occurs.

Semi-permeable Membrane

Allows only small molecules to pass through.

Osmosis

Water movement from high to low concentration.

Dehydration Synthesis

Joining monomers by removing water.

Hydrolysis

Splitting polymers into monomers using water.

Carbohydrates

Energy source made of C, H, O.

Proteins

Made of amino acids; function as enzymes.

Fats/Lipids

Composed of fatty acids; form cell membranes.

Nucleic Acids

Control heredity; made of nucleotides.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Microvilli

Increase surface area for absorption in intestines.

Chyme

Partially digested food in the stomach.

Denaturation

Loss of enzyme function due to extreme conditions.

Biomolecules Journey

Transport of broken down molecules to cells.

Atoms

Basic units of matter that cannot be created or destroyed.

Molecules

Groups of atoms bonded together, can be rearranged.

Energy

Capacity to do work, cannot be created or destroyed.

Ethanol burning

Combustion of ethanol producing CO2, H2O, heat, and light.

ATP

Usable energy molecule created in cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration

Process converting glucose into ATP in mitochondria.

Photosynthesis

Process converting sunlight into chemical energy in chloroplasts.

Biomass

Mass of living matter, primarily from carbon sources.

Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen-utilizing cellular respiration producing 36 ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Oxygen-free cellular respiration producing 2 ATP.

Trophic Levels

Hierarchical levels in an ecosystem based on energy flow.

Biomagnification

Increase in toxin concentration at higher trophic levels.

Decomposers

Organisms that break down dead matter, recycling nutrients.

Producers

Organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis.

Primary Consumers

Herbivores that consume producers for energy.

Secondary Consumers

Carnivores that eat primary consumers.

Tertiary Consumers

Top predators in an ecosystem with the lowest population.

Energy Flow

Movement of energy through trophic levels, losing 90%.

Biosynthesis

Process of converting excess food into body mass.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus, larger and complex.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus, smaller and simpler.

Four Kingdoms of Eukarya

Includes Protista, mostly unicellular and microscopic.

Autotrophic

Organisms that produce their own food.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.

Amoeba

Single-celled organism, often found in water.

Algae

Photosynthetic organisms, primarily aquatic.

Daphnia

Small crustaceans, commonly called water fleas.

Plasmodium

Parasite causing malaria in humans.

Plantae

Kingdom of multicellular autotrophic organisms.

Mosses

Non-vascular plants, often found in moist environments.

Ferns

Vascular plants that reproduce via spores.

Trees

Tall, woody plants with a trunk.

Flowering plants

Plants that produce flowers and seeds.

Fungi

Decomposers, can be multicellular or unicellular.

Mushrooms

Fungal fruiting bodies, often edible.

Athlete's foot

Fungal infection affecting the skin of feet.

Bread mold

Common mold found on bread, a type of fungi.

Animalia

Kingdom of multicellular heterotrophic organisms.

Insects

Largest group of animals, characterized by exoskeleton.

Spiders

Arachnids, known for eight legs and webs.

Crabs

Crustaceans with a broad, flat body.

Birds

Warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers and wings.

Humans

Bipedal primates, highly intelligent and social.

Carbon Cycle

Natural cycle of carbon exchange among living things.

Carbon pools

Reservoirs that absorb more carbon than they release.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population an ecosystem can sustain.

Population Density

Number of organisms per unit area.

Niche

Specific role of an organism in its ecosystem.

Biodiversity

Variety of different organisms in an ecosystem.

Keystone Species

Species crucial for maintaining ecosystem structure.

Trophic Cascade

Ecosystem-wide effects caused by changes at the top.

Symbiotic Relationships

Interactions between different species living together.

Mutualism

Relationship where both organisms benefit.

Commensalism

Relationship benefiting one organism, other unaffected.

Parasitism

Relationship benefiting one organism at the other's expense.

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides/ simple sugars

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of fats

glycerol

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides