Genetics Final Exam

DNA

DNA

________ must be replicated in order for cells to divide and pass on genetic information to their daughter cells.

Ligase

________: An enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of DNA during replication.

Topoisomerase

________: An enzyme that relieves the tension caused by the unwinding of DNA during replication.

Translation

________: The process of converting a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Termination

________: The final step of translation, where the ribosome reaches a stop codon and the protein is released from the ribosome.

transcription

During ________, a pre- mRNA molecule is synthesized and then modified to form a mature mRNA molecule.

Ribosome

________: A complex molecular machine that reads the sequence of codons in mRNA and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to form a protein.

elongation

There are three stages of translation: initiation, ________, and termination.

Helicase

________: An enzyme that unwinds the double helix structure of DNA, allowing other enzymes to access the individual strands.

Anticodon

________: A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA and allows the tRNA to recognize and bind to the correct codon.

Primase

________: An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.

Independent assortment

________: the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

5’ Modified guanine cap

protects the mRNA from degradation and helps it bind to ribosomes for translation.

Single strand binding proteins

Proteins that bind to DNA to prevent it from re- forming a double helix.

Mendels two laws of heredity

the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment.

DNA synthesis

________ is the process of creating a new strand of DNA from an existing template strand.

RNA splicing

________ is the process of removing introns (non- coding regions) from pre- mRNA and joining together the exons (coding regions) to form mature mRNA.

Random fertilization

________ is a process in sexual reproduction where any sperm can fertilize any egg, resulting in a genetically unique offspring.

TRNA

________: Transfer RNA, a small RNA molecule that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome and matches it to the appropriate codon in mRNA.

homologous chromosomes

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between ________ during meiosis.

Messenger RNA

MRNA: ________, a single- stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

Codon

________: A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal during translation.

Okazaki fragments

________: Short, discontinuous fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during replication.

Acetylation

________ neutralizes the positive charge on lysine, loosening the interaction between histones and DNA. Results in more gene expression

DNA polymerase 1

________ has a proofreading function that checks for errors in the newly synthesized DNA strand.

RNA polymerase

________ is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Each ________ has an anticodon that matches a specific codon on the mRNA (messenger RNA) strand.

tRNA molecule

poly a tail

a string of adenine nucleotides that also protects the mRNA from degradation and helps regulate its stability and translation efficiency.

Translation

________ in genetics is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

primase

Priming: An enzyme called ________ adds a short RNA primer to the template strand, which serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

Termination

________: The process ends when the DNA polymerase reaches the end of the template strand or encounters a(n) ________ signal.

TRNA

________ (transfer RNA) plays a crucial role in building the polypeptide chain by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.

DNA synthesis

________ is a complex process that is essential for the replication and division of cells.

Amino acid

________: The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in various sequences to form a protein.

Pol 1

is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a role in both replication and repair.

Initiation

The process begins when an enzyme called helicase unwinds the double- stranded DNA molecule.

DNA pol 3

has 5 'to 3 'polymerase activity and 3 'to 5 'exonuclease activity, which allows it to proofread and correct errors in dna synthesis

Initiation

The first step of translation, where the ribosome assembles on the mRNA and the first tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine binds to the start codon.

antibodies

An __________ is a protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific foreign substances, such as viruses or bacteria, in order to neutralize or eliminate them from the body.

antigens

An __________ is a substance that triggers an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

restriction enzymes

A __________ is a type of enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition sites.

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Definition: Common genetic variations that occur when a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence is altered. These variations can impact gene function and influence disease susceptibility.

what is recombinant dna

Recombinant DNA is a type of DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA sequences from different sources. This is typically done in a laboratory setting using techniques such as genetic engineering. The resulting DNA molecule contains genetic material from multiple organisms and can be used to produce proteins or other biological molecules.