AP Comp Gov U2 FRQ

Enumerated powers

coin money, provide for an army and navy, declare war, conduct for. rel.

Implied powers

Article 1 section 8 = nec and proper clause

Reserved powers

powers not delegated to the nat govt but granted to the states w/ the 10th amendment ex. police, pub health

Concurrent Powers

borrow $, tax (16th amend = nat income tax), est courts, make and enforce laws

Land Grants

since the founding = used for educ / health / pub service

Categorical Grants

$ given to states for specific purposes / projects

Formula Grants

formulas and conditions tied to aid ex. transpo matching funds

Block Grants

general purpose $ with no specific limits

Revenue Sharing

popularized by the Nixon admin = imbalanced redistribution of funds from state to state based on need ex. Mississippi poverty vs. Cal wealth = redistribute according to need.

Problems with grants

Distribution policy can be viewed as unfair = unequal access, Dependency on federal grants for state needs, Need is not always taken into account

1969-74 New Federalism under Nixon

Revenue Sharing

1977-81 under Carter

decentralization of authority to cut aid to states

1981-89 under Reagan

cut federal regulation and aid for services such as transport and the environment forcing states to either find new sources of revenue or drop services

1989-93 under Bush

continuation of Reagan = maximize state jurisdiction

1993-2000 under Clinton

revives the New Federalism as well as New Democrat slogans but actually continues Republican policy in the form of Block Grants which quietly permitted federal oversight. Goal = lower fed burden while increasing state and local responsibility

2000-2016 Cooperative Federalism

expansion of federal power into state-tradition areas like education and healthcare, often through federal funding and conditional mandates (NCLB, Affordable Care Act)

2016-Present

conflict over Fed Supremacy ex. States and Covid Aid

Components that contribute to Pol Culture

1) System, 2) Structure, 3) Function

System

input and output cycle

Input

the desires and reactions to policy based on econ and cultural exchanges between states.

Output

the policy in response to popular demands.

Structure

the machinery for the process/decision making = fed /confed /parl /bur /admin / courts…

Function

formulate / implement / enforce policy and goals established by the people’s reps

Indirect

by experiences and relationships w/others Ex. Family/Community

Direct

formal = gov classes, indoctrination w/religion/pol and soc rituals (pledge)

Unifying / Divisive

terrorism, assassination, war

Modern influences

Secularism, Educ, Econ ∆, democratization