Fine Arts Section 4

First and Second Industrial Revolutions

Brough electricity and machines into our lives

Within the last century

When did listening to music at home become feasible and common?

1877

When was the phonograph invented?

Thomas Edison

Who was the American inventor of the phonograph?

Wax cylinders

What was the sound for early phonographs recorded onto?

Phonograph

Machine invented in 1877 by American innovator Thomas Edison that was the first device able to record and play back sound, making it one of the most exciting inventions of the century

Flat records and horn-shaped speaker

What two aspects of the modern phonograph did Edison's early phonograph not use?

1887

When was the gramophone created?

Emile Berliner

Who was the German-American inventor of the gramophone?

Gramophone

Improved phonograph created in 1887 by Emile Berliner, with a flat disc in place of the wax cylinders used in early phonographs

Record

Flat disc used in the gramophone that was smaller, easier to replicate, and more convenient to store than wax cylinders used earlier

End of 19th century and beginning of 20th century

When were hand-cranked phonographs, spring-driven phonographs, and mechanical pickups replaced with electric models?

Li Jinhui

Known as the "Father of Chinese Pop Music", writer of the first Chinese popular song and creator of the first Chinese pop record

"Drizzle"

Song considered the first Chinese popular song and the first Chinese pop record

West Lake

Where did Li Jinhui visit that inspired him to write the song "Drizzle"?

Li Minghui

18-year-old singer of "Drizzle" and daughter of Li Jinhui

Shanghai Pathé Company

Company which released the record of the Chinese pop song "Drizzle"

1977

When was the Voyager 1 Spacecraft launched by NASA?

Voyager 1

Unmanned probe sent to research the outer reaches of the solar system; carried the Voyager Golden Record and a chunk of Uranium-238

Voyager Golden Record

Disc carried with the Voyager 1 containing greetings in 55 different languages and 27 pieces of music from around the world, packed with a diamond stylus to ensure good sound quality for over a billion years

Flowing Water

Ancient Chinese song played on the guqin included within the Voyager Golden Record

1963

When was the compact cassette tape introduced?

Philips

Dutch company which invented the compact cassette tape in 1963, which were lighter, more durable, cheaper, and easier to record on compared to other forms of music players

1979

When was the Walkman released?

Walkman

Portable music player invented by the Japanese company Sony allowing for music to be played and listened to anywhere, revolutionizing music consumptions

Little Tigers

Popular Chinese youth idol group of the 1990s

1982

When was the CD (compact disc) introduced?

Compact disc

Also known as a CD, a disc that stored music as digital code, allowing for better sound quality, durability, and storage capacities

74 minutes

How many minutes of music were CDs originally designed to hold?

Beethoven's Ninth Symphony

What piece of the music is said to be the reason for the CD's 74-minute time limitation?

MP3 files and digital music formats

Which types of musical storage formats allowed for music to be compressed further and made easier to store, share, and download?

Broadband internet

The prevalence of what technology has made sharing music online easier?

Streaming

Form of music listening where the sound file is sent directly to a device rather than retrieved

NetEase Cloud and QQ Music

Chinese streaming services provided as examples in the guide

Camera obscura

Latin for "dark chamber", optical tool which consisted of a darkened room with a lens-like opening in one wall allowing for an upside-down projection of an image onto another wall, used to copy and communicate visual information in an unbiased way

Draughtspeople and artists

Which professionals did the camera obscura appeal to?

Mozi and Aristotle

Since the time of which two philosophers were the techniques of the camera obscura known?

Camera

Box equipped with lenses and an internal mirror to allow reflected image (upside down) to be righted and traced through a glass plate on the top of the device

Thomas Sandby

Artist who created stiff, formal photograph-like drawings of Windsor

The nineteenth century

When would the camera obscura begin to play a key role in photography?

Silhouettes

Quick, inexpensive images of a subject's shadow which showed the outline of their figure

1786

When was the silhouette machine invented?

Gilles-Louis Chrétien

French engraver who created the pantograph silhouette machine

Pantograph (silhouette machine)

Machine that could replicate outlines onto paper, allowing for the production of multiple silhouettes, popular in America and Europe before the invention of the daguerrotype

1822

When was the first photographic image etched on a surface created?

Nicéphore Niépce

French inventor who captured View from the Window at Le Gras, widely considered the first photograph, and pioneered the creation of still images with the camera obscura

`1826

When was View from the Window at Le Gras taken?

View from the Window at Le Gras

Image captured by Nicéphore Niécpce, considered the oldest surviving photograph of a real-world scene

1829

When was the daguerrotype invented?

Louis Daguerre

Inventor of the daguerrotype, a method of reproducing real world images in greater detail than the camera obscura

Daguerrotype

The first commercially successful photographic process, created clearer images than the camera obscura used before

1835

When did Daguerre begin to expose latent images on silver plates using mercury vapor?

Four to five minutes

To how long was the exposure time of photographs reduced to due to Daguerre's newfound technique of revealing latent images on plates using chemicals?

1872

When did Eadweard Muybridge create a way to capture instantaneous motion in photography?

Eadweard Muybridge

Photographer who created a way to capture instantaneous motion in photography and invented the zoopraxiscope

12 cameras

How many cameras were used by Muybridge to photograph a horse in motion at different instants in time?

21 inches

How far apart were the cameras used by Muybridge to photograph a running horse spaced?

1/1000 of a second

How fast could Muybridge's camera set up capture images?

Sallie Gardner

Name of the horse photographed by Muybridge in his instantaneous work, Horse in Motion

Zoopraxiscope

Type of lantern invented by Eadweard Muybridge which passed light through rapidly spinning images on a glass disc, creating the illusion of motion as a predecessor of modern cinema

1893 Chicago World Fair

Where did Eadweard Muybridge's zoopraxiscope become a sensation?

1895

When did the Lumière Brothers present their short films to Paris, marking the birth of modern cinema?

Illusion of motion

When projected a series of still photographs, the human brain will automatically fill in the spaces between the images; this is the principle for all films

24 frames per second

At what rate did the Lumière Brothers project their still photographs at to create the illusion of motion in their first film?

20th century

In what century did film and screen further develop and progress, allowing for its integration into regular life?

Nam June Paik

Korean-American artist considered "the father of video art" who used screens and televisions in particular to create novel, abstract art

Magnetron TV

Early television art work by Nam June Paik which consisted of a television set destroyed to be unable to receive signals with a horseshoe magnet atop it, interfering with the transmissions and creating abstract geometric shapes on the screen

1965

When was the work "Magnetron TV" by Nam June Paik created?

Whitney Museum of American Art in New York

Where is "Magnetron TV" by Nam June Paik currently displayed?

1895

When did two separate innovators create movie music by using music to mask the sound of projectors in their silent films?

Paris and Berlin

From which two cities were the innovators responsible for creating movie music from?

1908

When did the film L'assassinat du Duc de Guise (The Assassination of the Duke of Guise), the first movie to feature an original score, premiere?

Camille Saint-Saëns

French composer who composed the score for L'assassinat du Duc de Guise, marking the music with scene titles or character notes to ensure matching live performance and film

12-piece orchestra

For how large of an ensemble did Saint-Saëns compose the score of L'assassinat du Duc de Guise?

Five scenes

For how many scenes in L'assassinat du Duc de Guise did Saint-Saëns compose music for?

1920s

When was the Vitaphone sound system introduced?

1927

When was the movie The Jazz Singer released?

Warner Bros.

Which movie company released the movie The Jazz Singer?

The Jazz Singer

1927 Warner Bros. movie which featured dialogue synchronized with the moving film picture

Talkie

Motion picture with spoken dialogue synchronized to the screen

1928

When was the movie The Lights of New York released?

The Lights of New York

1928 motion picture which was the world's first fully sound-synchronized film

1933

When was the score for King Kong written?

Max Steiner

Composer who created the nearly full-length score for the film King Kong

46-piece orchestra

For how large of an ensemble did Max Steiner compose the score for King Kong?

Wagner

By which composer was Steiner inspired for the composition of King Kong?

Leitmotifs

Specific musical motifs used to represent of signify a character, place, or event

1960s

Since when has the world of film music expanded beyond the classical genre into jazz, rock, and electronic music?

1934

When was the movie Songstress Red Peony released?

Songstress Red Peony

1934 Chinese film considered the country's first sound film

Children of Troubled Times

Chinese film which featured the piece "March of the Volunteers" at the end of the film

"March of the Volunteers"

Theme song from the movie Children of Troubled Times, used as a rallying cry during the War Against Japanese Aggression and later as the Chinese National Anthem

Late 1970s

When did Chinese film music begin to blend traditional music with modern music?

Zhao Jiping

Celebrated Chinese film composer well-known for blending traditional Chinese music with Western music techniques, wrote scores for the films Red Sorghum and Farewell My Concubine, and the TV series The Grand Mansion Gate

2000

When did the composer Tan Dun win an Academy Award and a Grammy?

Tan Dun

Chinese-American composer well known for his work on film music which received him an Academy Award for Best Original Film Score at the 73rd Academy Awards and the 44th Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

For which film did Tan Dun write the soundtrack for, earning him an Academy Award and a Grammy?

Li An

Director of the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon