WHP - Unit 3: Land-Based Empires 🌞

What was the Mughal Empire?

Sunni Muslim empire in South Asia

Who were the gunpowder empires?

The Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming, Qing

What state did the Mughal Empire replace?

The Delhi Sultanate

Who, initially led the Mughal empire's expansion + how?

Babur; he utilized military with cannons + guns to grow empire

Who was the second person to expand the Mughal empire? What was he like?

Akbar; he was a great administrator and very tolerant of religious beliefs

The Mughal Empire was ruled by Muslims but had a majority Hindu population; how did that go?

Akbar was very religiously tolerant, so he gained the support of the Hindu population

What was the first Chinese dynasty after the Mongols?

The Ming

Who was the Ming dynasty?

First Chinese dynasty post-Mongol; ethnically Han

How did the Ming expand?

Through the use of a military with gunpowder weapons

Why did the Ming fall?

Little Ice Age caused famine, famine caused peasant rebellions. Manchus took advantage of the peasant rebellions + weakened state of empire

What ethnicity were the Qing? What effect did that have?

Manchu/Jurchen; caused tension between citizens and gov't

What was the Safavid Empire?

Shi'a Muslim empire east of the Ottomans

Under who did the Safavids grow?

Ismail

What was the Ottoman Empire known for?

The sack of Constantinople + renaming it to Istanbul

Who was the Ottoman Empire?

Huge Sunni Muslim empire who overthrew the Mongols' expansion in Dar al-Islam

Why was the sack of Constantinople so signiicant?

It brought an end to the Byzantine Empire

Why did the Ottomans grow so rapidly?

• control of dardanelles: strait that was a strategic passageway

• use of gunpowder weapons: adoption + dev't

Why were gunpowder weapons so significant?

many empires began to grow after the Mongols fell; the ones w/ gunpowder came out on top

What two conflicts between empires in 1450-1750 do you GOTTA know for the AP test?

• Safavid-Mughal conflict

• Moroccan Kingdom vs Songhai Empire

What was the Safavid-Mughal conflict and what is its significance conceptually?

series of wars because of religious differences (Sunni vs. Shi'a)

What was the conflict between the Moroccan Kingdom and the Songhai Empire + its conceptual significance?

Songhai was wealthy from participation + control of trans-Saharan trade routes… Moroccan Kingdom wanted that wealth and attacked the Songhai w/ gunpowder weapons example of a conflict in 1450-1750 because of political diffs

BIG Q: How did empires legitimize + consolidate their power in the period 1450-1750? (list)

Bureaucracies + militariesReligion, art, architecture

What was the imperial bureaucracy, and what is its significance?

As empires expanded, so did their bureaucratic system in order to maintain political powerexample of how empires consolidated their power in 1450-1750

In the period 1450-1750, many empires had an imperial bureaucracy, what was an example of it?

The Ottoman bureaucracy, employed through the devshirme system

What was the goal of the devshirme system?

"give young boys schooling -> created people who were actually qualified to run the bureaucracy; more ""effective"" gov't"

What was the significance of the expansion of militaries in the period 1450-1750?

It consolidated the power of empires through the creation of elite fighting/protective forces?

Many empires had strong military capacities in the period 1450-1750, give an example of one

The Ottoman Empire's janissaries, employed by the devshirme system, significantly increased in size during this period

What were two examples of gov'ts utilizing religion to legitimize their power in 1450-1750?

divine right of kings in EuropeAztecs' human sacrifice

Why was the divine right of kings so effective?

Europeans were mostly Christianto disagree = disagreeing with Jesus

Give an example of art being used to legitimize the power of empires in 1450-1750. Why, specifically, were they effective?

Paintings of Kangxi, ruler of Qing Dynasty, which portrayed leaders demonstrating traditional Chinese values which appealed to the majority Han population

In 1450-1750, what two empires had a majority population that was unlike the ruling body?

Mughal; Muslim gov't vs Hindu populationQing; Manchu gov't vs Han population

Give two examples of architecture being used to legitimize the power of empires in 1450-1750.

French House of VersaillesInca Sun Temple

How did the House of Versailles legitimize + consolidate the power of the French monarch?

big structure -> impressed + appealed to populationsmonarch had nobility live in House of Versailles to ensure no alliances could be formed

How did the Inca Sun Temple legitimize the power of the Inca gov't?

temple was lined with gold + had gold statues; rulers were associated with God, so the Temple legitimized their power

In the period 1450-1750, how did empires finance militaries, monuments, etc?

systems of taxation!!!

Give two examples of empires' systems of taxation in the period 1450-1750

Mughals' Zamindar SystemOttoman Tax Farming System

Describe the Zamindar system + where it took place. what was its signficance?

Mughal rulers = Muslim; Mughal population = Hindu -> suspicion toward Muslim rulersto combat: rulers elected Zamindars — local landowners who collected tax ON BEHALF of rulers = more trustallowed consolidation of power

Describe the tax farming system + where did it take place? what was its significance?

Ottoman gov't created bidding for right to tax -> bid money funded gov'tdidn't have to pay bidder b/c they're not in the gov'tbidder taxed more than legally required -> rich

What were Martin Luther's problems with the RCC?

sale of indulgencessimony — sale of office positions in RCC

there were many other critics of the RCC, why was luther's so influential?

he had access to the printing press

Why was the Church selling so many things in 1450-1750?

To fund the contruction of impressive structures such as St. Peter's Basilica

What is the difference between the Catholic Reformation and the Council of Trent?

CoT was a specific meeting during the CR

What were the changes of the Catholic Reformation?

ban of indulgencesban of simony

What were the major continuities of the Catholic Refomation + their significance?

reinforcement of traditional church values salvation by faith + worksnature of biblical authority this permanently split RCC + protestantism!

What was a very major outcome of the Catholic Reformation?

European rulers began to impose Catholicism/Protestantism -> 30 Years' War

Describe a CCOT of the Islamic religion in the period 1450-1750

change: divide between Shi'a and Sunni Islam intensified due to political conflicts between the Ottomans and Safavids

Describe two CCOTs of religion in South Asia in the period 1450-1750 (examples)

change: religious syncretism religious blending between bhakti and sufismrise of Sikhism — belief system blending Islam and Hinduism

What was the bhakti movement? Why was it important?

spiritual movement based on Hinduism; created the bhakti religion that had similar basis to sufism -> religious blending

Describe two CCOTs of Sikhism in 1450-1750

held on to aspects of ISL + Hinduism (ex. monotheism + reincarnation)discarded aspects of both (ex. caste, gender hierarchy)