GEOGRAPHY urban issues and challenges

what is ubranisation

The proportion of the population which live in cities

What is rural ubran migration

The movment of people from countrysides to cties

What causes urbanisation

rural urban migration

natural increase

What push factors cause rural ubran migration

natural disasters can damage property and farmland which is costly

mechanisaed agriculture needs fewer workers meaning less jobs avaliable

pull factors affecting rural urban migration

better jobs

better healthcare

What is natural increase

when birth rate exceeds death rate

location of india

Mumbai is located on the western coast of Maharashtra state in western India, bordering the Arabian Sea. The city is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island

regional importance in mumbai

The city contributes 40% of the total income of the whole state of Maharashtra.

Mumbai is constantly growing, taking the young workforce from neighbouring cities.

national importance in mumbai

one of the most densely populated cities in mumbai

Mumbai is a transport hub with links to all major industrial cities in India.

Interntaional importance in mumbai

major tourism industry

bolly wood

social oppurtunities in mumbai

Access to healthcare is improving in Mumbai. The city has more hospitals than any other urban area in India. Mumbai’s biggest public medical centre, Sion Hospital,  has grown from 50 beds in 1950 to more than 1400 beds today. The hospital admits more than 60000 patients each year.

Mumbai literacy rates are high at 89.7% compared to the national average, which is 74.04 per cent.

economic oppurtunities in mumbai

The rapidly growing population of Mumbai has created a demand for goods and services, which has created employment opportunities. Many migrants have been able to find jobs in the service sector as couriers, hairdressers and cleaners.

challenges in mumbai

77 percent of households suffer from poor water quality which results in poor water sanitation. Dharavi suffers from up to 4000 cases of typhoid per day

oppurtunites for unskilled workers and wages has become low meaning they resort to crime

high traffic congestion - 22 million clog the roads

urban planning in mumbai

slum resettlement scheme - When people who lived in slums are rehomed in apartment blocks giving them access to safe water and sanitation.

slum sanitation project - more toilet blocks giivng access to better sanitation

what are the 2 features of sustainable urban living in freiburg

• creating green space by providing wildlife and having 44000 trees planted in parks

  • water conservation - freiburgs waste water system allows rainwater to be retained to seep back into the ground. It involved green roofs and collecting raindwater to use indoors

how does freiburg reduce traffic congestion

it has a integrated traffic plan which provides cheap accessuble public transport. It also has 400km cycle paths

location of birmingham

Birmingham is located in the West Midlands region of England, specifically in the east part of Warwickshire, which is in the West Midlands.

regional importance in birmingham

Major transport hub which links to other parts of the UK

provides thousands of jobs

birmingham national importance

second largest city and major contributor to the national economy

home to 5 Unis like UOB

How is international migration a cause of growth in birmingham

migrants bring labour skills, labour and families increasing the urban opulation.

How has urban change created social oppurtunities in bham?

• mproved education -Birmingham has 5 universities (e.g. University of Birmingham, Birmingham City University). Investment in academy schools and colleges provides better education for young people, especially in previously deprived areas.

• better access to healthcare - New and improved hospitals, such as the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, provide high-quality NHS care. Urban regeneration has improved public health, with better sanitation, green spaces, and housing conditions.

  • Cultural diversity -

economic opportunities in birmingham

: The Bull Ring shopping Centre is one of the largest in the UK and is home to all of the major department stalls. Birmingham has the largest number of new business start ups outside of London. Many international companies have operation in Birmingham.

how has urban change created challenges in birmingham

1. Urban Deprivation

• Some areas such as Sparkbrook, Aston, and Handsworth, experience high levels of deprivation.

• Issues include:

  • High unemployment

  • Low income

  • Lower education outcomes

2. Social Tensions from Migration

   Birmingham is very ethnically diverse, which brings cultural richness but can also lead to integration challenges.In areas where services are under pressure, tensions can rise between different groups over jobs, housing, and resources.

whats a example of a regeneration project in birmingham?

d The New Street Train Station which is connected to Grand Central was once voted the ugliest train station in the UK. 170,000 passengers a day use Birmingham New Street, nearly triple the 60,000 a day it was designed for when it was last rebuilt in the 1960s. New Street is the busiest station outside London, with a train leaving every 37 seconds. The old train station gave a poor impression of Birmingham. The development took 5 years and s. 36 escalators & 15 lifts have improved access to the trains. It can now handle 300,000 passengers per day.