WHAP #24

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries.

General Assembly

The main deliberative assembly of the United Nations, where all member states have equal representation.

Security Council

A UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security, consisting of 15 members, including five permanent members.

Secretariat

The administrative arm of the United Nations, responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization.

Peacekeeping

The deployment of international forces to help maintain peace and security in conflict areas.

World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

Doctors Without Borders

An international humanitarian organization that provides medical aid in conflict zones and areas affected by disease.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A milestone document adopted by the United Nations in 1948, outlining fundamental human rights to be universally protected.

Human Rights

Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

A UN agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.

Global Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and gender equality on a global scale.

Refugees

Individuals who are forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.

International Court of Justice

The principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which settles legal disputes between states.

Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial or ethnic groups in a country, community, or establishment.

Double V Campaign

A World War II-era campaign advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

Rosa Parks

An African American civil rights activist known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement known for his nonviolent activism and famous 'I Have a Dream' speech.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican political leader and activist known for his role in the Pan-Africanism movement.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A civil rights protest against racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama, initiated by Rosa Parks.

Jim Crow

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States from the late 19th century until the 1960s.

Red Lining

The discriminatory practice of denying services, typically financial, to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity.

Civil Rights Act

A landmark 1964 legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act

A 1965 law aimed at overcoming legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Citizen

A legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.

Limited citizenship

A status where individuals have restricted rights and privileges compared to full citizens.

Stateless

A condition where an individual is not considered a national by any state, lacking citizenship rights.

Apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race, notably implemented in South Africa.

Pass Laws

Laws in South Africa that required black South Africans to carry passbooks to control their movement.

Nelson Mandela

A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who served as President from 1994 to 1999.

African National Congress

A political party in South Africa that played a key role in the struggle against apartheid.

F.W. de Klerk

The last State President of apartheid-era South Africa who played a crucial role in ending apartheid.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

A commission established in South Africa to help heal the country and bring about a peaceful transition after apartheid.

Dalits

A group of people in India historically considered 'untouchables' and subjected to discrimination.

Me Too Movement

A social movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault, particularly in the workplace.

Black Lives Matter Movement

A decentralized movement advocating for non-violent civil disobedience in protest against incidents of police brutality against African Americans.

Occupy Movement

A progressive social and political movement that began in 2011, focusing on issues of economic inequality.

Battle of Seattle

A series of protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting in Seattle in 1999, highlighting issues of globalization.

Indymedia

A network of collectively run media outlets that provide grassroots coverage of social justice issues.

Muvimento Negro Unificado

A Brazilian movement advocating for the rights of black people and against racial discrimination.

CONAIE

The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, advocating for indigenous rights and environmental justice.

Rigoberta Menchú

A K'iche' Maya woman from Guatemala who received the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in promoting indigenous rights.

World Food Program (WFP)

A United Nations agency that provides food assistance and works to improve nutrition and build resilience in communities.

Human Rights Watch (HRW)

An international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

Amnesty International

A global organization focused on human rights, campaigning against injustice and promoting human rights worldwide.

The Red Cross

An international humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief, and education in communities affected by crises.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

A UN agency mandated to protect and support refugees and displaced persons worldwide.

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

A non-profit organization that operates independently of government, typically to address social or political issues.

Internationalism

A political principle that advocates for cooperation among nations for the common good.

Transnationalism

The process of extending social, political, and economic activities across national borders.

Ethnic Nationalism

A form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity.

Pope Francis

The current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, known for his progressive views on social issues.

Desmond Tutu

A South African Anglican bishop and social rights activist known for his work in the anti-apartheid movement.

Divest

To sell off assets, often for ethical or political reasons, such as withdrawing investments from fossil fuels.

Stephen Biko

A South African anti-apartheid activist who founded the Black Consciousness Movement.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Roma

An ethnic group with a history of migration and persecution, often facing discrimination in Europe.

Negritude

A cultural and literary movement that emerged in the 1930s, celebrating black culture and identity.

Liberation Theology

A movement within the Catholic Church that emphasizes social justice and the liberation of the oppressed.

Intifada

A Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, with two major uprisings occurring in the late 20th century.

9/11

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, in the United States, leading to significant global political changes.

Al-Qaeda

A militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, responsible for numerous terrorist attacks.

Osama bin Laden

The founder of al-Qaeda, known for orchestrating the September 11 attacks.

Taliban

An Islamist militant group that governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and regained power in 2021.

George W. Bush

The 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, known for his response to the 9/11 attacks.

Islamism

A political ideology that seeks to implement Islamic law in government and society.

Saddam Hussein

The President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003, known for his authoritarian rule and conflicts with the United States.

The Gulf War

A conflict in 1990-1991 triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, leading to a coalition response led by the United States.

Operation Enduring Freedom

The U.S.-led military operation launched in response to the 9/11 attacks, primarily targeting al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

ISIS

A militant group that emerged from al-Qaeda in Iraq, known for its extreme interpretation of Islam and acts of terrorism.

Boko Haram

An Islamist militant group based in Nigeria, known for its violent insurgency and attacks on civilians.

The Patriot Act

A U.S. law enacted after 9/11 aimed at enhancing national security and surveillance capabilities.

The Department of Homeland Security

A U.S. government agency created to coordinate national efforts to protect the country from terrorism and other threats.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

A specialized agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, the sciences, and culture.