OCC1021 - weeks 4-7

Thought, Intelligence, Motivation and Emotion, Human Development

Thought

process of experiencing or manipulating ideas, images and mental representations

Cognition

process by which we acquire and use knowledge to understand the world around us

Concept

formal- specific characteristics that apply to all members

natural - no fixed set of defining features but has characteristics that most members posses

prototype - posses all or most of its characteristic features

proposition

mental representation of the relationship between concepts

schema

collection of basic knowledge about a concept

script

mr of a familiar sequence or activity

mental model

internal representation of how things look or work

cognitive map

mr of an environment

formal and informal reasoning

• general principle to specific application

• believability of a general conclusion based on specific example

two system theory

system 1 - fast, automatic, emotional, relies on heuristics

system 2 slow, conscious, logical

heuristics

• anchoring - find a reference point and then adjust estimates around that

• representativeness - judge things based on their similarity to stereotype

• availability - base decisions on most easily accessible info

strategies (

• incubation - sleep on it

• means-end analysis - breaking down large tasks into parts

• working backwards -

• analogies - experience to guide problem-solving

• creativity

errors

• multiple hypotheses -

• mental set - replying old patterns of problems solving

• confirmation bias - gather evidence that confirms preexisting expectations

• functional fixedness - familiar objects in familiar ways

make decisions (bias)

• loss aversion - disproportionately great lengths to avoid perceived loss

• gamber’s fallacy - mistaken belief that no one can predict outcomes of a chance event on the basis of outcomes of past chance event events

• temporal discounting - small rewards received sooner

• magnitude effect - discount smaller gains more rapidly

• status-quo bias - keep things as they are

• sunk-costs effect - continue a course of action where one has invested money, time or effort

features of a decision (ants use explosives)

• attributes - positive and negative features

• utility - any subjective measure of value

• expected value - total benefit to be expected of a decision if it were to be repeated several times

intelligence

• Spearman: g factor + s factors

• Cattell: Fluid intelligence & Crystallised intelligence

• Information-processing model

• Sternberg’s Triarchic theory

• Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

aptitude and achievement

• capacity to acquire competence or skill through training

• acquired knowledge

intelligence tests

WAIS

WISC

Stanford-Binet

standard deviation

how narrowly or broadly score deviate from the mean

giftedness and intellectual disability

<130

>70

factors affecting intelligence

• person-centred - genes, motivation

• environment - low birth weight, breastfeeding, SES, education

criticism of IQ tests

• Reliability and validity

• Harm caused by IQ testing

• Role of environment on IQ

• Cultural bias

motivation

influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour

instinct doctrine

human behaviour is motivated by automatic, involuntary, unlearnt responses

drive reduction theory

imbalances in homeostasis

• primary drive - basic biological needs that creates feelings of arousal

• secondary drive - stimuli you conditioned to create feelings of arousal

arousal theory

maintaining optimal levels of arousal

incentive theory

attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli

achievement motivation

the degree to which a person establishes and cares for specific goals and experiences feelings of satisfaction doing so

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• self-actualization need

• esteem need

• belongness and love need

• safety need

• physiological need

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

desire to engage in activity due to pleasure from activity itself

external incentive to engage in activity

emotion

complex reaction where an individual attempts to deal with a significant matter or event

how is emotion created

• james peripheral theory - physiological (SNS) - emotional experience (heart - excitement)

• cannon central theory - brain creates emotion and simultansioly leads to physiological response

• cognitive theory - interpretation of events (love it - excitement)

communicating emotions

• universal facial expressions

• social referencing

nature vs nurture

genetically determined characteristics and behaviours of an individual

environmental factors that influence development and behaviour

sensory dev

prenatal - sensory dev

birth - highly sensitive skin, fuzzy vision

6 months- fully discriminative hearing, info from hands, colour vision

12 months - early depth perception

3 years - 20/20 vision, proprioception

6 years - complete depth perception

15/16 years - developed balance

40 years - hearing and vision decline

50 years - decreased sensitivity to pain

60 years - taste decline

70 years - smell decline

language dev

3 months - cooing

6 months - babbling and attends to sound

12 months - first words, understands name, hi, bye

18 months - understands 50 words, says 6-20

2 years - 2 word sentences, simple instructions

3 years - 3-5 sentances, questions

4 years - answer most questions, pronouns

cognitive dev more?

sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence

preoperational (2-7) - egocentricity (asking questions), animism (talking to stuffed toys)

concrete operational (7-11) - conservation

formal operational (11+)

psychosocial dev

0-2 years - trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame

3-6 - initiative vs guilt

7-12 - industry vs inferiority

3-19 - identity vs role confusion

20-40 - intimacy vs isolation

40-65 - generativity vs stagnation

+65 - integrity vs despair

moral dev

preconventional

factors influencing dev

physical - genetics, drug exposure, exercise, gender, nutrition

psychological - personality, intelligence

social - occupation, social connectedness, romantic relationships

environmental - ses, ethic background, parenting style, stressors

attachment

secure (high image of self, high image of others) avoidant

ambivalent, disorganised (low image of self, low image of others)

temperament

surgency/extraversion - stimulation and pleasure

effortful control - control attention

negative affectivity - recovering from negative emotions

parenting styles

authoritative (high control, high acceptance) authoritarian

permissive uninvolved (low control, low acceptance)