AP Human Geography Modules 3-11 Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering spatial concepts, human-environment interactions, scales, regional analysis, demography, demographic transitions, and population theories from Modules 3 through 11.

What is relative location?

The position of a place in relation to other places, landmarks, or geographical features.

How is space defined in geographic concepts?

The physical interval, distance, or area between two objects or locations.

What distinguishes a place from a space?

A place is a specific point on Earth distinguished by its unique physical and human characteristics, which give it meaning.

What is a cultural landscape?

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical landscape, such as buildings and agricultural fields.

What is time-space compression?

The perceived reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place due to advancements in communication and transportation.

What is the difference between expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion?

Expansion diffusion is a process where an idea or innovation spreads outward from a hearth while remaining strong in its origin, whereas relocation diffusion is the physical movement of individuals who carry their traits to new locations.

What is stimulus diffusion?

A form of diffusion where an underlying idea spreads to another group, but the specific trait is modified to fit the receiving culture.

How is friction of distance defined?

The concept that distance requires time, effort, or money to overcome, inhibiting interaction between far-apart places.

What is cultural ecology?

The study of how human societies adapt to, interact with, and transform their natural environments.

How do environmental determinism and possibilism differ?

Environmental determinism posits that the physical environment directly dictates human cultural development, whereas possibilism argues that while the environment sets limits, humans can adapt and overcome constraints.

What is a glocal perspective?

An approach that considers how global processes interact with and shape local actions, and vice versa.

What defines a functional region?

An area organized around a central focal point or node, linked by transportation or communication networks.

What is ecumene?

The permanently inhabited portion of the Earth's surface.

What is the population threshold that distinguishes a megacity from a metacity?

Megacities have a total population exceeding $10\text{ million}$ people, while metacities have a total population exceeding $20\text{ million}$ people.

Which countries comprise the top 10 most populous countries listed in the notes?

India, China, United States, Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, Brazil, Bangladesh, Russia, and Mexico.

How do arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density differ?

Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by total land area; physiological density is the number of people per unit area of arable land; agricultural density is the ratio of farmers to total arable land.

How is the total dependency ratio defined?

The ratio of economically dependent individuals (those under $15$ and over $65$) to the working-age population (ages $15\text{--}64$).

What years define the Baby Boomer Generation cohort?

The large surge of births born between $1946$ and $1964$ following World War II.

What shape on a population pyramid represents rapid population growth?

A broad base, indicating high birth rates and a young overall population.

What is the formula for the Demographic Equation?

$$\text{Future Population} = \text{Current Population} + (\text{Births} - \text{Deaths}) + (\text{Immigrants} - \text{Emigrants})$$

What rate is typically required for replacement level fertility?

A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of approximately $\sim 2.1$ children per woman.

How is the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) calculated?

$\text{RNI} = \frac{\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}}{10}$ (calculated as Crude Birth Rate minus Crude Death Rate, excluding migration, divided by 10).

What formula estimates doubling time according to the Rule of 70?

$$\text{Doubling Time} = \frac{70}{\text{RNI (as a percentage)}}$$

What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

High CBR and high CDR resulting in very low natural increase, characterized by pestilence, famine, and agrarian subsistence.

What occurs during Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

High CBR and rapidly falling CDR resulting in extremely high natural increase, driven by industrial and medical advances.

What corresponds to the Age of pestilence and famine in Epidemiological Transition Theory?

It corresponds to DTM Stage 1, dominated by infectious diseases, malnutrition, and widespread epidemics.

What was the central premise of Thomas Malthus's theory?

That population grows exponentially while food production increases arithmetically, inevitably leading to catastrophic famine and collapse.

What is the Boserup Effect proposed by Ester Boserup?

The theory that rising population density prompts farmers to adopt new technology and labor methods to boost food production.