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Archaic Period

8,000 years ago; Natives pushed off the Plains into other portions of Modern-Day Texas; Lived in small family units, but population grew as well as Native band sizes

3 Major Crops of the Eastern U.S

"Triad" of Corn, Beans, & Squash

Matrilineal Societies

Trace lineage (or ancestry) through Mother's bloodline.

Royal Orders of New Discoveries

•Spanish missionaries (Franciscans) should play a major role in Native relations in Texas.

3 Vital Points of Texas

Los Adaes, San Antonio de Valero, and La Bahia

Regulation of 1772

•Spain would refocus efforts on trade and gifts for Native Americans in Spanish Texas, rather than conversion and religion.

Freeman-Custis Expedition

: This expedition tried to locate the border between Spanish Texas and the United States on the Red River Region of Texas, after the latter nation acquired the Louisiana Territory.

Neutral Ground Agreement

•Settled the disputed claims of the boundary between the United States and Spanish Texas between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers.

Tejanos

the First Texans; of Spanish ancestry

Adams-Onis Treaty

•Redefined the border between the United States and New Spain south/along the Sabine River with the U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory; authored and negotiated by John Q. Adams.

Mission San Antonio de Valero

long name for the "Alamo."

The Bergenia

began 90,000 years ago and lasted some 80,000 years, much of the ocean's water became trapped in glaciers, dropping sea levels to the point that a land bridge (known as the Beringia) opened between Eastern Asia and Western Alaska, through which scholars believe humans began passing into the Western Hemisphere some 40,000 years ago.

Midland Minnie

In 1953, archaeologists found fragments of a Paleo-Indian woman's skull and bones (dating possibly over 37,000 years old) on the Scharbauer Ranch near Midland, Texas. They labeled her as the "first mother" of Texas and she bestowed the name of "Midland Minnie."

Paleoindians

The earliest inhabitants of north america, Paleoindians lived in small bands of 40 to 50 members, an organizational structure that served as the basic social and political unit of these hunter-gatherers and essentially was one big extended family.

Clovis Point

Distinctively shaped spearhead used by Paleo-Indians and named for the place in New Mexico where they were first excavated.

modern-day buffalo

With the new Folsom technology, the Paleoindians of Texas became expert hunters, often driving herds of giant buffalo over cliffs before butchering them with the improved spear points By about 5,000 years ago, with the disappearance of giant heard mammals, a dwarfed species of bison (the modern-day buffalo) that possessed a faster reproductive time and other traits better adapted to the new conditions evolved as a new, fully formed plains species

Bow & Arrow

Toward the end of the Archaic period, around 600 A.D., Texas Indians developed the bow and arrow, increasing their hunting efficiency exponentially.

Shaman

Healing a person came to consist of using not only plants, but also rituals, chants, and prayers, which also might be employed to try and bring rain, attract animals for the hunt, or even foretell the future.

In Texas, these rituals might incorporate mind-altering plants such as mescal beans, peyote, yaupon leaves, and tobacco. If successful in both the medicinal and spiritual realm, a priest-healer might gain tremendous power and become a "shaman."

Woodland Era

For some Indian tribes living in Texas, the Archaic Period ended around 2,000 years ago, leading toward a new epoch known as the 'Woodland Era.' creation of a village culture characterized by a sedentary way of life, the establishment of hierarchy, the creation of earthen burial mounds, the appearance of pottery, and participation in long-distance trade networks. Scholars have designated this period as the Woodland Era.

Mississippian Cultural Tradition 1

As corn, beans and squash spread throughout the Eastern Woodlands, economics, religion, trade, and politics all contributed to bring about the rise of what scholars call the Mississippian cultural tradition.

Mississippian Cultural Tradition 2

The Mississippian cultural tradition reached its peak of sophistication during the 13th and 14th centuries as the veneration of the agricultural priests reached its height. However, by about 1350, probably due to climate change, the cities began to decline and mound building came to an end.

The House of Death

The Caddoan's believed that a person's soul went up to the sky and entered the House of Death, presided over by Ahahayo. Here, all were required to wait until the Caddo souls had been gathered, at which time the whole tribe would enter another world to live anew.

All the Caddoan people were entitled to enter the House of Death: only enemies of the tribe were sent to the house of texino, the devil to be punished.

Waco Tribe of Texas

Puebloan cultural tradition

building smaller towns complete with many-roomed adobe houses surrounded by irrigated fields of corn. Puebloan culture lay in the area between Albuquerque and Taos in Northern New Mexico, some native groups migrated down the Rio Grade and formed clusters of hamlets and villages near present-day El Paso

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado

In March 1540, Francisco Vazquez de Coronado left Mexico with a few hundred Spaniards and Indian allies and headed toward the Rio Grande, where they hoped to find wealthier Indian kingdoms than those in Mexico. Coronado found only the grass huts and cornfields of the Wichita Indians and thus disheartened, headed back to New Mexico

Panfilo de Narvaez

The first to led by Panfilo de Narvaez, sailed through Spain in June 1527 and landed on the coast of Florida near Tampa Bay in April 1528, after first stopping at Spanish Caribbean posts in Hispaniola, and Cuba.

Introduction of Horses to Texas

The Texas Indians were forced to adapt not only to disease, but also to horses. The Spaniards established the colony of New Mexico in 1598, centered among the Puebloan villages and brought many equines with them. horse became a Southern Plains competitor with the buffalo for grass and added to the hunting abilities of the natives, increasing their range and ease of travel.

Comanches

The Comanches emerged from the Rocky Mountains and migrated to the Southern Plains in the late 17th century.

In this new region, they learned the art of horsemanship, and by the early 1700s they had successfully wrestled control of the Southern plains from the Lipans, who were drive deeper into Central Texas, establishing themselves between the Pecos and the Hill Country.

Comanches Region take over

The Comanches quickly took possession of the area where New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Kansas come together, a region particularly well-suited to obtaining and raising horses.

Rene Robert Cavelier

establish a settlement in the Mississippi Valley, that privilege was granted to Rene-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle. In preparation for his project, over the next few years La Salle established a chain of posts from Lake Ontario to the Mississippi River.

Finally, in January 1682, La Salle, along with a party of Frenchman and Algonquian Indians, proceeded down the Mississippi River and reached the Gulf of Mexico by early April.

Father Francisco Hidalgo

The French governor seized upon the strategy after receiving a letter from a Spanish Franciscan, Father Francisco Hidalgo, who had labored at the failed Hasinai missions in the 1690s.

Martin de Alarcon

Spanish officials in Mexico City appointed Martin de Alarcon as governor of Texas and directed him to lead an expedition to create a mission, presidio and civilian settlement along the San Antonio River as a halfway post to East Texas

Mission San Antonio de Valero

The Mission San Antonio de Valero, also known as The Alamo, is a historic Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas. It was founded in 1718 as a Franciscan mission and later served as a military outpost. The Alamo is most famous for its role in the Texas Revolution, when it was besieged and captured by Mexican forces in 1836.

Los Adaes

Aguayo continued eastward to restore the mission at the Ais town and added a presidio to the mission a the newly named Los Adaes, which would remain the official capital of Spanish Texas for the next half century. The Rio Hondo, a small stream between Los Adaes and Natchitoches, served as the boundary with French Louisiana.

Islenos

The only newcomers to Texas were 55 people who arrived in a San Antonio in 1731 from the impoverished, Spanish controlled Canary Islands that lay off the coast of Africa. These so-called, Islenos found the villa of San Fernando de Bexar, separate from the presidio and the missions, and formed a municipal government—the first and only civilian government in Spanish Texas.

Much to the chagrin of the original soldier-settlers, the Islenos were granted rights to the irrigated farmlands that they had estlabished near the presidio during the previous decade.

Norteños

2 months later, Ortiz Parrilla's troops attacked the Norteños at the Taovaya town on the Red River. The well armed Natives outnumbered the Spanish-Indian force, however, and Ortiz Parrilla's men could not penetrate the Taovayas' palisaded village over which flew a French flag.

Cattle Drive

During the American Revolutionary War, however, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, initiated the famed Texas tradition of the cattle drive by allowing Tejanos to send their cattle eastward across the border to feed his troops.

Between 1779-1783, 10,000-15,000 head of cattle were driven along a trail leading from La Bahia to Nacogdoches, across the Sabine River to Natchitoches, and then on to Opelousas, Louisiana.

Antonio Gul Ibarvo

established an informal system of granting land verbally. Ibarvo and a few of his compatriots founded the town of Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Bucareli where the road between San Antonio and Los Adaes crossed the Trinity River.

Natchez

An ample supply of illegal goods, however existed among the Anglo Protestant traders in Natchez and elsewhere east of the Mississippi River, and the Indians of the region defied their Spanish allies by eagerly taping into these sources.

Filibusters

an Anglo-American pirate or freebooter who cut a brief, but bloody swath across disputed region between Texas and Spain in search of fortune or for political gain.

John Sibley

American officials immediately took actions to provide the Norteños with the trade goods they desired upon taking possession of Natchitoches in early 1804. President Jefferson appointed John Sibley as the U.S. Indian agent for the region, who subsequently sent traders up the Red River with goods and U.S. flags to the Kadohadacho and Taovaya villages while dispatching invitations to the Hasinais and Comanches of Texas to visit him at Natchitoches to initiate commerce.

Neutral Ground Agreement (1806)

fall of 1806 Agent Sibley took advantage of the Neutral Ground Agreement and sent traders up the Red River, where they met and exchanged goods with Wichita and Comanche tribesmen.

Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara

By March 1811, however, royalists overthrew las Casas and effectively regained control of the province. A few rebels, most notably Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, a rancher and merchant from northern Mexico, slipped across the international border into Louisiana and traveled to Washington D.C.

Joaquin de Arredondo/The Battle of Medina

Republicans' glory was short-lived, however, for a large, well-disciplined royalist army, commanded by Joaquin de Arredondo, marched upon San Antonio and crushed the unorganized republican mob in August 1813 at The Battle of Medina.

Jean Laffitte

Jean Laffitte, a pirate based in Louisiana, took advantage of the situation and moved his base of smuggling operations from Grande Terre in American-patrolled waters to Galveston Island in 1816.

Explain the meaning of the term "Comanche" and what it signifies to be a "Comanche." Which area of Texas is home to the Comanches, and what is their way of life like?

To be Comanche signifies belonging to a proud and historically powerful Native American tribe known for their fierce independence and horsemanship. The Comanche traditionally inhabited the Southern Plains of the United States, primarily in present-day Texas, Oklahoma, and parts of New Mexico and Colorado. Their nomadic lifestyle revolved around hunting bison, which provided food, clothing, and shelter (tipis made from buffalo hides

Compare and contrast the Spanish and French approaches to East Texas in the 1700s. How did the Spanish modify their strategies over time, and what were the reasons behind these changes? Which group proved more successful in terms of Native American conversion, relations, and trade?

The Spanish in East Texas focused on religious conversion and political control through missions, while the French prioritized trade and alliances with Native American tribes. The Spanish gradually shifted their approach, emphasizing intermarriage and trade to improve relations. Ultimately, the French generally proved more successful in building lasting relationships with Native American tribes due to their focus on mutually beneficial trade and alliances.

Identify and analyze the three key Native American tribes of the 16th century that exhibited archaic-like characteristics. In what ways are these tribes alike, and in what ways do they differ from one another? Discuss the social structures of each tribe and describe the lifestyle that defined them.

The Karankawa, Caddo, and Apache tribes of 16th-century Texas exhibited archaic-like characteristics, relying heavily on hunting, gathering, and fishing for subsistence. 1 While all three groups adapted to their respective environments, they differed significantly in their social structures and lifestyles. The Karankawa, primarily coastal dwellers, were nomadic hunter-gatherers with a strong emphasis on maritime resources. 2 The Caddo, residing in the eastern woodlands, were more sedentary agriculturalists who cultivated crops and engaged in trade networks. 3 The Apache, nomadic hunters of the plains, were known for their skilled horsemanship and raiding tactics.

wigwams

round bark covered shelters

Franciscans

founded by St. Francis; order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all creatures

Philip Nolan

A filibuster from the U.S. that was sent to Texas with Spanish approval but Spain was suspicious of the U.S. taking control of Texas.

Mission San Antonio de Valero