HPHY Final

amygdala

part of the limbic system
functions: processing emotions, waystation for connection to other areas

hippocampus

part of the limbic system
function: formation of new memories

Broca's area

location: frontal lobe
function: motor patterns for speech and language

Wernicke's area

location: temporal lobe
function: language comprehension

Broca's aphasia

communication disorder resulting from brain injury/stroke, affects ability to communicate (speak or write), understand what is said

Wernicke's aphasia

communication disorder resulting from brain injury/stroke, affects ability to understand written or spoken words

supplementary motor area

part of motor cortex, prepares and programs complex sequences of movement

premotor cortex

part of motor cortex, creates motor image of orientation in relation to target prior to movement

prefrontal association cortex

plans for voluntary activity, decision making, personality traits

rods

periphery of retina, dim light, night vision, black and white

cones

center of retina, acute color vision

fovea centralis

center of field of vision, small depression where ganglion and bipolar cells are pushed to the side, entirely cones

macula lutea

area around the fovea with fairly high acuity

bipolar cells

location: neural layer of retina
synapse with rod or cone, then with ganglion
have graded potentials

horizontal cells

location: neural layer of retina
inhibitory interneurons that module activation of cells, regulate output from activated photoreceptors (lateral inhibition)

ganglion cells

location: cell bodies in neural layer of retina, axons make up optic nerve
synapse with bipolar cells
move action potentials from retina to thalamus

-40 mV

resting membrane potential of photoreceptors

impedance

opposition of a system to the flow of energy into and through it

acoustic coupling

some energy hits the round window

ossicular coupling

increase in intensity of vibration due to difference in plate size between tympanic membrane and stapes footplate

kinocilium (tallest)

mechanical gates of inner ear hair cells are activated and allow K+ influx when hair cells are bent towards the

tonotopic arrangement of basilar membrane

pitch/frequency of sound is registered due to

amplitude of vibration

loudness/sound intensity is registered due to

endolymph

fluid located in cochlear duct/scala media
high K+ concentration

perilymph

located in scala vestibuli and scala tympani

conductive deafness

hearing loss due to an issue with the pathways that conduct sound waves into electrical signals

sensorineural deafness

hearing loss caused by a problem with the nerves or sound processing cortex of the brain

vallate papillae

large lingual papillae with raised ridge around edge, found on posterior surface of tongue, large number of taste buds

foliate papillae

found on lateral folds of tongue, moderate number of taste buds

filiform papillae

small, spiky filaments with no taste buds, provide sensation of touch (most numerous)

fungiform papillae

found on anterior surface of tongue, moderate number of taste buds

gustducin

g-protein for taste signaling pathway for sweet, bitter, and umami tastes

vestibulocerebellum

part of cerebellum controlling balance, eye movement

spinocerebellum

part of cerebellum that enhances muscle tone, coordinates skilled movements and timing of muscle contractions

cerebrocerebellum

part of cerebellum that plans an initiates voluntary activity and stores procedural memory