GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Chemistry

Study of matter

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Mass

amount of matter present in a material

Intrinsic (Intensive)

Independent on the amount of matter

Extrinsic (Extensive)

Dependent on the amount of matter

• Boiling point

• Density

• Melting point

• Specific gravity

Intrinsic (Intensive)

• Mass

• Length

• Volume

Extrinsic (Extensive)

Definite

shape of solid

Indefinite

shape of liquid

Indefinite

shape of gas

Definite

volume of solid

Small

intermolecular space of solid

Definite

volume of liquid

Indefinite

volume of gas

Intermediate

intermolecular space of liquid

Large

intermolecular space of gas

Vibration

motion of solid

Gliding

motion of liquid

Random

motion of gas

Strong

bond strength of solid

Intermediate

bond strength of liquid

Weak

bond strength of gas

Incompressible

compressibility of solid

Nearly Incompressible

compressibility of liquid

Compressible

compressibility of gas

Recombination

Aka: Deionization

Condensation

used in distillation

Vaporization

Aka: Evaporation

Sublimation

moth balls, or naphthalene balls

Deposition

snowflakes and soot

Melting

Aka: Fusion/Liquefaction/Thawing

Enthalpy of system

total heat content of a system

Plasma

ionized gas

Physical Change

• changes in physical form but not chemical structure & composition

• NO NEW product is formed

Chemical change

• Changes in chemical structure & composition

• NEW product is formed

• Boiling water

• Melting ice

• Folding of paper

Physical change

• Rusting iron

• Burning of paper

• Metabolism

Chemical change

Nuclear change

• Fusion

• Fission

Fusion

2 nuclei Unite

Fission

1 nucleus Splits up

α radiation

• high ionizing power

• can’t penetrate skin and paper

β radiation

• medium ionizing power

• can’t penetrate thin Al

γ radiation

• low ionizing power

• most penetrating

• can’t penetrate thick Pb or Concrete

Democritus

• matter is made up of small, indivisible particles called atoms.

• atoms differ in size, shape, and motion

John Dalton

• Billiard Ball model (atom -> hard, indestructible sphere)

• Atoms are indivisible and indestructible

• Atoms of the same element are identical

• Compounds form by combining atoms

Joseph John Thomson

• Pudding / Raisin Bread model [atom -> solid sphere = (+); embedded = (-)]

• Discovered electrons via the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) experiment

• Atoms are made of a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded

Ernest Rutherford

• discovered nucleus

• atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in empty space

Niels Bohr

• Bohr model (atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons traveling in circular orbits

• atoms are indivisible and indestructible

• atoms of the same element are identical

• compounds form by combining atoms

Erwin Schrödinger

• Introduced the concept of orbitals

• Electrons exist in regions of probability rather than fixed orbits

James Chadwick

• Discovered Neutrons

Proton

• location: within the nucleus

• charge: (+)

Neutron

• location: within the nucleus

• charge: (0)

Electron

• location: outside the nucleus

• charge: (-)