Whap Islamic Political Fragmentation

Effects: Merchants in Islam were highly valued Used Silk Roads

•Umayyads and then Abbasids built caravanserai to protect merchants •Caravanserai = symbols of Muslim power and wealth

Further effect: Merchants in Islam were Highly Valued Used Silk Roads

Turks converted to Sunni Islam in 900s

Effect of •The Abbasid khalifas •hired Turks then •adopted Turkish slave soldiers (called mamluks).

•Persian Buyids = advisors to the Abbasid khalifas •Buyids get mamluks. •Buyids dominate Persia.

Further Effect: •The Abbasid khalifas •hired Turks then •adopted Turkish slave soldiers (called mamluks).

•BUT regional governors •get mamluks and •ignore the Abbasid khalifas.

•Afghanistan - mamluks kill their master, the Abbasid governor •The mamluk leader - •"sultan" •free and independent ruler •Began Ghaznavid dynasty

•BUT Ghaznavid sultans relied on mamluks. •Their governors also gained mamluks caused decentralization.

Effects of : •Seljuk Turks become Sunni Muslim (900s CE)

•The Christian Byzantine Emperors attacked Seljuks. •The Seljuks •became a united, powerful Muslim army •under their own sultan

Further Effects of : •Seljuk Turks become Sunni Muslim (900s CE)

•Seljuks overwhelm the smaller mamluk forces •Ghaznavids fall. •Buyids fall. •C. 1050 The Seljuks •dominate Middle East •Control Baghdad and the Abbasid khalifas

Effect: •1071 - Byzantines defeated at Manzikert •Seljuk Turks slowly take Anatolia from Byzantine

•Byzantine emperor to Pope, "HELP!" •Pope sent the 1st Crusade 1095 CE.

Further Effect: •1071 - Byzantines defeated at Manzikert •Seljuk Turks slowly take Anatolia from Byzantine

•Western European Crusaders attacked • Byzantines and • Jerusalem • (not the Seljuks). •Byzantines - much weaker

Effect of: •Saladin + other Ayyubid Sultans push back Crusaders •Ayyubid Empire ruled from Cairo Egypt •Used Mamluks

•A mamluk murdered Ayyubid heir •Strongest mamluk = new sultan. •Begins Mamluk Sultanate

Further Effect of: •Saladin + other Ayyubid Sultans push back Crusaders •Ayyubid Empire ruled from Cairo Egypt •Used Mamluks

•So Mamluks kept the Middle East Muslim •They defeated the Mongols at Ein Jalu 1260 Ce •Drove out Crusaders 1291 CE •Protected Mecca •Sheltered Abbasid Khalifa

Effect of: The Climate of the Steppes Prevented Migration

•Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia built societies by adapting to the ecological conditions of the arid lands they lived on •Wool-> Yurts (tents) •Mares Milk-> Kumiss (Alcoholic Drink) •They were pastoralists sought opportunities to trade -> Prominent on Caravan Routes

Effect of: Women enjoyed higher status in nomadic societies than women in settled agricultural societies.

Because of their crucial economic roles, Women were occasionally regents and rulers Women-> herded animals, skilled horse riders, archers + even fought in wars

Effect: Islam was Introduced

-The earliest converts were Turkish nomads captured in border raids by forces of the Abbasid Caliphate -Expanded political and military influence and people were all subject to a Khan (Ruler)

Effect of : A group of Turks invade South Asia.

Mahmud of Ghazni- led Ghaznavid Turks of Afghanistan on rais on lucrative sites in Northern India sultanate of Delhi-claimed authority over Northern India Buddhism and Hinduism- Mahmud of Ghazni was a foe and frequently launched raides on shrines, temples, and monastries influence of nomadic peoples (Turks): in the 13th century was greater than ever