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Concepts

Categorize (Schemas) usually based on prototypes - most typical example

Images

NOT JUST VISUAL
Mental pictures in our minds

Problem Solving

2 Ways: Algorithms and Heuristics

Algorithms

Rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem
Usually with a formula
They work but are impractical = time consuming
systematically

Heuristics

A rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgement to solve a problem.
Fast, but prone to errors

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind

Availability Heuristic

Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that initially come to mind
News always availability

Insight

A sudden realization of problem’s solution

Heuristics can lead to

overconfidence - misjudgement
confidence is not a good indicator of how right we are

Belief perseverance

Maintaining a belief even after it’s been proven wrong
Despite overwhelming evidence

Belief Bias

people tend to accept any conclusions without realizing what they are agreeing to

Mental Set aka Rigidity

The tendency to fall into establish thought patterns

Functional Fixedness

Inability to see a new use/funtion for an object

Confirmation Bias

We look for evidence to confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them

Framing

The way a problem is presented can drastically affect the way we view it

Galton

pioneer in study of human intelligence and testing

Standardization

test items have been tried out on a similar population as those who are meant to take the test

Standardization sampe

logical pilot, tried out on group

Psychometricians

People who create and design educational and psychological measurements, tests

Reliability

Repeatability, consistency of a test as means of measurement

Validity

when a test measures that it is supposed to measure, accurate

Split half reliabilty

one half of the class takes even, other half takes odd

Equivalent Form

rearrange test

Test-Retest

same test again

Face Validity

test appears on its surface to measure what it is intended to

Content Validity

entire range of material is tested

Criterion Related Validity

2 types
Concurrent
Predictive

Concurrent

measures how great you are now

Predictive

measures of future performance

Construct

Most meaningful, using something already developed

Aptitude Test

measure ability or potential
ex SAT

Achievement test

measures what has learned or accomplished
ex AP

Speed test

large number of questions in a short amount of time

Power tests

items in increasing difficulty levels, given sufficient time

Group tests

administered to a large group of people at one time

Individual tests

examiner atends to what the one person answers and the process they used

Intelligence

the ability to gather and use information in productive ways

Fluid intelligence

ability to quickly solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills
decreases with age

Crystallized Intelligence

using knowledge accumulated over time
increases then holds steady with age

Charles Spearman

g - general intelligence
different abilities is just one factor
developed thoery with factor analysis
one that scores high in one area typically scores higher than average in other areas

Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinsthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic

existential - life, death, existence

SUPPORTS LEARNING STYLES

Robert Sternberg Triarchic theory

Analytical, Creative, Practical

Analytical

compare/contrast, explain, analyze
intelligence tests
1 answers

Creative

use of knowledge in new and innovative ways
innovative smarts, adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas

Practical

street smart/real world
required for everyday tasks that may be poorly definied, multiped solutions

Daniel Goleman

EQ - emotional quotient
a measure of our emotional intelligence indicates how well we are able to manage our emotions and impact relationship w others

Alfred Binet

mental age,
predict future performace
help children, not label them
environmental exploration

Lewis Terman

standford-binet
IQ - Intelligence quotient
mental age divided by chronological age multipled by 100
12 to older man
inate intelligence, born with

wechsler tests

more common way to give IQ tests
100 average, 15 standard deviations
WAIS most widely used intelligence tests, verbal and nonberal

WAIS, WISC, WPPSI

Flynn Effect

IQ scores steadily increasing in past century due to environmental factors
EDUCATION AND NUTRITION

Nature

influence of genetics

Nuture

importance of environment and learning

Heritability

measure of how much a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factors

Monozygotic or Identical Twins

sepeated at birth have a strong correlation in intelligence scores

savant syndrome

exceedingly rare condition in which individuals with a developmental disorder or an intellectual disability possess extraordinary talents, knowledge, or abilites in a specific area

a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

related to austism

Factor Analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items

Cattel-Horn-Carroll CHC Theory

the thory that are intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities bridged together by Gf and Gc

grit

passion and perservance in the persuit of long-term goals

10 year rule

10 years of intense daily practice

Social intelligence

know-how involved in understanding social situations and managing yourself sucessfully

Emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Spearman’s General Intelligence (g)

A basica intelligence predicts our abilites in varied academic areas

Strengths of Spearman

different abilities, such as verbal and spatial do have tendency to correlate

Weaknesses of Spearman

Human abilites are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factores

CHC Theory

Our intelligence is based on a general ability factor as well as other specific ailities bridged by crystalized and fluid intelligence

Strengths of CHC

Intelligence is composed of broad and narrow abilities, such as reading ability, memory capacity, and processing speed

Weaknesses of CHC

The specific abilities onlined by the CHC may be too narrowly cognitive, doesn’t focus on creatifve

Gardener’s multiple intelligence theories

our abilities are best classified into 8/9 independent intelligences, which included a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

Strengths of Gardenre

intelligence is more than verbal and math skills, other abilities are queally important to human adaptibility

Weakness of gardener

Should all our abilities be considered intelligences? Shouldn’t some be just talents?

Sternburg Triarchic theory

our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real world sucess, analytical, creative, and practical

Strength of Sternburg

these three domains can be easily measure

Weakness of sternburg

The three domais may be less independent than the theory suggests, and may actually share an underlying g factors

Emotional intelligence

social intelligence is an important indicator of life success. emotional intelligence is a key aspect of it, consisting of perceiving, understand, managing and using emtoions.

Strenghts of emotion intelligence

these four components predict social success and emotional well being

Weakness of emotional intelligence

does this stretch the concept of intelligence too far

intelligenc etest

method for assessing individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numbers

eugenics

discriminatory movement that prposed measuring human traits and enourgage fit ones to reproduce

15 subtests of wechsler includes

similarities
vocabulary
block design
letter number sequening

similarities

reasoning the commonality of two objects or concepts

vocabulary

naming pictured objects or defining words

block design

visual abstrat processing , recreate pattern

letter number sequncing

sereis of number and letters, repeat number in order, letters in order

bell/normal curve

distribution of data, 68% fall within 1 standard deviation of mean, fewer scores in extermities