CARBOHYDRATES

GLYCOLYSIS

metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

GLUCONEOGENESIS

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

Lipolysis

decomposition of fat; fats are used as energy

Lipogenesis

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Glycogenesis

conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

2 Major Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose levels

Insulin

Hormone that ↓ Blood Glucose Levels

Glucagon

Hormone that ↑ Blood Glucose Levels

Insulin

Hormone that is produced by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Insulin

Released when blood glucose is high

Insulin

Action: promotes entry of glucose into liver, muscle, and adipose tissue to be stored as glycogen and fat; inhibits release of glucose from the liver

Insulin

↑ glycogenesis, lipogenesis, glycolysis

↓ glycogenolysis

GLUCAGON

Hormone that is produced by: alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Released when blood glucose is low

Glucagon

Action: ↑ plasma glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

anterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone is produced by

Growth Hormone

↑ plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin secretion, glycogenolysis, & lipolysis

Growth Hormone

Release: can be stimulated by decreased glucose

anterior pituitary

ACTH is produced by

ACTH

Release: when cortisol level decrease

ACTH

Action: ↑ plasma glucose by stimulating adrenal cortex to release cortisol

adrenal cortex

Cortisol is produced by

Cortisol / Glucocorticoid

Release: stimulation by the ACTH

Cortisol / Glucocorticoid

Action: ↑ plasma glucose by ↓ intestinal entry of glucose and ↑ gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine is produced by

Epinephrine

Release: stress.

Epinephrine

Action: ↑ plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin secretion, ↑ glycogenolysis & lipolysis

Thyroxine / T4

Release: stimulated by TSH

Thyroxine

Action: ↑ plasma glucose by glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,

& intestinal absorption of glucose

delta cells of islets of Langerhans

Somatostatin is produced by

Somatostatin

Action: ↑ plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, GH and other endocrine hormone

1. GLUCAGON

2. GH

3. CORTISOL

4. HPL (pregnant px)

5. EPINEPHRINE

6. ACTH

7. THRYOXINE (T4)

GGCHEAT

Hormones that ↑ Blood Glucose

LABORATORY FINDINGS IN HYPERGLYCEMIA

• Increased glucose (plasma and urine)

• Increased urine specific gravity

• Increased serum and urine osmolality

• Ketones in serum and urine defective

• Decreased blood and urine pH (acidosis) vpH

• Electrolyte imbalance (decreased Na+, Cl-, increased K)

LABORATORY FINDINGS IN HYPERGLYCEMIA

• - glucose (plasma and urine)

• - urine specific gravity

• - serum and urine osmolality

• - in serum and urine defective

• - blood and urine pH (acidosis) vpH

• Electrolyte imbalance (decreased - increased K)