10.3 - beta oxidation, CAC and ketones

what must happen to fatty acids before beta oxidation?

describe the energy usage of fatty acid activation in the cytosol

how do Fatty acyl CoA’s get into the mitochondria?

describe the beta oxidation seqeunce from fatty acyl CoA to acetyl CoA

how is the number of acetyl CoA determined from a FA?

dividing number of carbons by 2

how is the number of cycles determined? the number of NADH/FADH2?

how is the energy yield of acetyl CoA by CAC calculated?

what does each round of beta oxidation of saturated, even-numbered fatty acids produce?

how does ATP yield change for unsaturated fatty acids?

what are the products of the last round of beta oxidation of an odd-numbered fatty acid?

what happens to propionyl CoA? how does this effect ATP yield?

what is the MCAD defiiency?

• can’t break down fatty acids 

what happens to gluconeogenesis in MCAD deficiency?

what are the consequences of MCAD deficiency?

when is perioxisomal beta oxidation used? how does it differ from mitochondrial beta oxidation

what are the overall products of the CAC

where does glucose enter the CAC?

where does Ala anter the CAC?

where does Asp enter the CAC?

where does Asn enter the CAC?

where does Gln anf Glu enter the CAC?

where do fatty acids enter the CAC?

what are the 3 amino acid transanimation pairs?

*amino acids enter the CAC at the level of their transanimation pairs

how to Gln and Asn anter the CAC?

how can aspartate enter the CAC?

how is glycolysis related to CAC?

what are the components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

what does E3 do?

how does acetyl CoA enter the CAC?/step one of CAC

• enzyme?

what is step 2 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

what is step 3 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

what is step 4 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

what is step 5 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

what is step 6 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

what is step 7 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

what is step 8 of the CAC? reactant? product? enzyme?

in general, what steps of CAC are regulated?

4 highly exergonic and irreversible steps

how is the PDH complex inhibited?

how is the PDH complex activated?

what is citrate synthesase inhibited by?

what does the liver do with excess acetyl CoA?

describe the ketogenesis pathway in the liver

• what goes in?

• what comes out?

describe the ketolysis extra-hepatic pathway what goes in?

• what comes out?

when would the liver use acetyl CoA for ketogenesis opposed to CAC?

describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon in diabetes

how does unctontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus affect ketogenesis?

what is ketosis

what is diabetic ketoacidosis? what are the conseuqences for the pt?

• pt is thirsty, drinks lots of water and has to uninate all the tome

• should smell acetone on their breath