EMT chapters 16,7,17

what three things can be a sign in a change of circulation

what three things can be a sign in a change of circulation

sweating, anxiety, restlessness,

when is the only time where it’s okay to skip reassessment

when life-saving interventions are preventing you from doing so

for conscious pts during reassesment remember to what ?

talk to them, get down to their level and explain what you’re doing before doing so

what is the first step in reassessment

repeat primary

what is the second step in reassessment

reassess and record vitals

what is the third step in reassessment

repeat pertinent parts of the secondary assessment

what is the fourth step in reassessment

check interventions

after providing interventions its important to ask patients what ?

if they feel any changes in symptoms (make sure you let the pt answer and try NOT to steer their answers in any direction)

what two things are you checking for in your interventions

1- ensure adequacy of oxygen and other interventions 2-ensure management of any bleeding and that its working

check to make sure that the oxygen tubing hasn’t become ___________ or _____________

kinked or disconected

what is the first step in checking the path of oxygen

check the regulator on the tank and make sure that it has sufficient oxygen

what is the second step in checking the path of oxygen

check that the flowmeter is set to proper flow

what is the third step in checking the path of oxygen

look at the tubing for any sort of kinks or interuptions

what is the fourth step in checking the path of oxygen

look at the mask/cannula make sure it’s attatched

what is the fifth step in checking the path of oxygen

make sure the attatchment is positioned correctly on the pt

when using a NRB on a pt what thing are you checking for when looking at the bag

that bag does not deflate on pt inhale

if the bag on a NRB decreases on pt inhale what do you do

increase the flow rate

what three things do you do when reassessing wounds that are not visible

1-use gloves-2-gently palpate the area-3-look for blood on your gloves

observing __________ in vitals is more important then a single set of vitals

trends

metabolism is the conversion of what?

glucose (which becomes ATP, energy for the cell)

water levels influence the concentrations of important chemicals in the cells like __________?

electrolytes

what are electrolytes

substances that when dissolved in water seperate into charged particles

glucose binds with _________ to form energy/metabolism

oxygen

what is aerobic metabolism

cellular process when oxygen is used to metabolize

what are the benefits of aerobic metabolism

-efficient energy amounts & little amounts of waste created

what is anaerobic metabolism

a cellular process that does not use oxygen

what is a downside to anaerobic metabolism

ineffecient with energy and creates a lot of waste

what is a waste product of anaerobic metabolism

it creates CO2 and pyruvic acid (becomes that much more ineffective because now the body has to use energy to remove carbon dioxide)

what happens when carbon dioxide levels are too high in the body

the body will increase RR

what is another bodily response when carbon dioxide levels become high within the body

acid levels in the body will increase → body becomes acidotic

whats the first thing that will happen when the body becomes acidotic

hemoglobin will become less atracted to the blood

whats the second thing that will happen when the body becomes acidotic

SpO2 levels will significantly decrease because their is not proper oxygen being delivered to the tissues

the oxygen that is needed for aerobic respiration is supplied via what system ?

the respiratory system

what system carries oxygen throughout the body

the cardiovascular system

diseases or infections of any kind can damage what part of the cell

the cell membrane

ineffective membranes can allow ___________ into the cell which can interfere with the body’s regulation of water

toxins

what two parts of the body are major factors in the body’s flight or fight system

-the medulla oblongata -the hypothalamus

feed and breed OR rest and digest refers to which system

the parasympathetic nervous system

the ______________ nervous system slows down HR and BP

parasympathetic

the scientific name for adrenaline is

epinephrine

epinephrine and ___________ are both produced by the sympathetic nervous system

norepinephrine

norepi and epi are produced by what part of the body

the adrenal glands

epi and norepi cause the bronchial tubes to __________

dilate

plasma makes up __________ percent of blood

54%

white cells and platlets make up _________ percent of blood

1%

RBC make up _______ percent of blood

45%

what is hydrostatic pressure

pushes water out of the blood vessels into the cell

__________and with children is an extreme reaction (usually an indicator of hypovolemia

vasocontriction (high HR)

when blood vessels are forced into unctonrolled dilation can cause a drop in internal pressure this is known as a loss of _________

tone

what is addison’s disease

it is a condition of adrenal insufficiency

___________ type of medication is used for managing blood pressure but also reduce epi and norepi

beta blockers

“air goes in, air goes out, and blood goes round and round” this quote is known to represent what system

the cardiopulmonary system

the path of airway starts with the

mouth and nose

the 2 part of the airway is

pharynx/nasopharynx

the 3 part of the airway is

hypopharnyx

what is the hypopharynx

the back of the throat

what is the 4 part of the airway

the larynx

what is the 5 part of the airway

trachea

what is the 6 part of the airway

mainstem bronchi

what is the 7 part of the airway

lungs

what is the 8 part of the airway

alveoli (where the gas exchange actually takes place within the lungs)

what part of the airway is the most common to be obstructed

the upper part of the airway

what four things can cause the larynx to swell

infections, choking, a child with croup, burns to the outer soft tissue

this is a common infection caused by viral infections most often seen in pediatric patients, it can be recognized by signs of a hoarse,brasky/barking cough

croup

croup can cause the _________ to swell in pediatric pts

larynx/trachea

remember __________ may read as normal when dealing with patients with shock

blood pressure

longer ______________ is a clear indicator of vasoconstriction and compensation (in pediatric pts)

cap refill

the scientific term for ‘leaky capillaries is’

excessive permeability

what three things can cause leaky capillaries

-sepsis-altitude-certain diseases

leaky capillaries can lead to _________ loss from the bloodstream

vL

in the lungs increased permeability can allow what?

allow plasma in the blood to cross the membrane and occupy the space in tissues in and around the aleveoli

what happens if plasma occupies the space in lung tissue

it can mess with a pts airflow

what does SVR stand for?

systemic vascular resistance

what is SVR

the pressure inside the blood vessels that the heart has to pump against t

blood vessels rely on __________ to know when to dilate

messengers(chemoreceptors)

without messengers(chemoreceptors) and sympathetic response it can cause _____________ ____________pressure to drop and cause profound shock

circulatory system

what is SV

stroke volume

what is the normal amount for SV

70 mL

how much blood the heart has in it before it contracts is known as ?

preload

how hard the heart has to pump to move blood in the body is known as?

contractility

this is the amount of pressure that the heart has to pump against to get blood in the body’s system

afterload

after load is a function of ________

SVR

there are two types of heart dysfunction they are?

mechanical and electrical

what is mechanical dysfunction of the heart

can be any sort of trauma to the chest, you may see this in severe rear end collisions where the drivers chest makes contact with the steering wheel

what is electrical dysfunction of the heart

anything that interferes with the heart’s ability to work as a muscle

what are two examples of electrical dysfunction in the heart

heart attack or heart failure (CHF)

when all functions of the cardiopulmonary system are in place this is known as?

V/Q match

what does the V in V/Q match stand for

ventilation

what does the Q in V/Q match stand for

profusion

what is V/Q match

it is when the aleveoli have sufficient amounts of air and the pulmonary capillaries have a sufficient amount of blood (when the body is profusing how it should)

V/Q match is often expressed as a ___________ rather than a match because of how easy it is to be changed/influenced

ratio

what is hypovolemic shock

it is a type of shock caused by when the body has sustained a severe amount of fluid or blood loss

what are some reasons someone may become hypovolemic

food poising, some misscariage, hemorrhaging

what is disrtributive shock

when blood vessel tone is lost

what can cause distributive shock

anaphylaxis, sepsis

what can be a result of distributive shock

low pressure

what is cardiogenic shock

heart can’t pump blood the way it needs to

what are some things that can cause cardiogenic shock

trauma to the chest and an MCI (myocardial infarction)

what is a MCI

a myocardial infraction is a heart attack

what is obstructive shock

when their is something within the body that is preventing it from pumping blood in the way it should