immunology exam 1

antigen

generates responses

antibody

body against antigen

innate immunity

nonspecific; cellular and humoral components; faster response; possessed since birth; provides early detection of microbes

adaptive immunity

highly specific; cellular and humoral components; slower response

physical barriers

cough, micturition, defecation, blinking

chemical barriers

normal microbial flora, fatty acids, bile acids, low pH

lymphocytes

the only cells in the body with specific receptors for antigens

immunologic memory

response is more rapid and vigorous if re-exposed to same antigen

damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

cell damage caused by immunological reactions, nutritional imbalances, genetic defects, hypoxia, microorganisms, chemical agents

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

unique components of microorganisms that are NOT found on normal mammal tissue

sentinel cells

• dendritic cells

• macrophages

• mast cells

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

transmembrane proteins that mediate PAMP recognition (NF-KB)

vasodilation

____________ is the hallmark of acute inflammation

neutrophils

_____________ are the first cells to arrive and deal with most-all invading organisms

pro-inflammatory cytokines

• TNF-a

• IL-1

• IL-6

leukocytes

cytokines attract __________ to sites of infection

histamine

_______ is responsible for smooth muscle contraction and vascular permability

neutrophilia

increased white cell production

fibrinogen

plays a crucial role in hemostasis

cardinal signs of inflammation

• redness

• heat

• swelling

• pain

• loss of function

neutrophils

___________ are the first cells to arrive during an inflammatory response

macrophages

____________ are the last cells to arrive during an inflammatory response to “clean up”

neutrophil net

composed of:

• bacteria

• PAMPs

• cytokines

defensins

bactericidal

myeloperoxidase

respiratory burst

neutral and acid hydrolases

degrade bacteria

lysozyme

destroys bacterial cell walls

lactoferrin

binds iron

collagenase

degrades connective tissue

phagocytosis

triggered by the binding of a pathogen to receptors on the surface of the phagocyte

opsonization

a process by which molecules bind to the surface of a pathogen making that pathogen more susceptible to phagocytosis

lung

cows, horses, sheep, and cats clear particles from blood mostly through the ________

liver and spleen

dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice clear particles form blood mostly through the ________ and _________

innate

the alternative pathway is an ________ immune response

innate

the lectin pathway is a ________ immune response

adaptive

the classical pathway is an ___________ immune response

mannose

the lectin pathway requires __________

antibodies

the classical pathway requires ________

C3A

moves away from the complement complex

C3B

stays bound to the complement complex

C2A

increases vascular permeability

C3A

produces anaphylatoxin and mast cell degranulation

C3B

induces immune regulation and opsonization

C5A

induces neutrophil chemotaxis, anaphylatoxin, lysosomal secretion, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction

cytokine functions

• inflammation

• immune regulation

• tumor surveillance

• hematopoiesis

• cell differentiation

pleiotrophic

an individual cytokine may be produced by many different cell types and act on many different cell types

redundancy

many cytokines have similar actions

antagonism

inhibiting macrophage activation

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

___________ promotes lymphocyte proliferation, pleiotropic

T cells

if IL-2 acts on _____ cells, it causes increased cytokine production

B cells

if IL-2 acts on ___ cells, it causes antibody production

IL-12

______ stimulates T cells and NK cells to secrete IFNy, which further activates macrophages

IL-5

stimulates eosinophils