Lecture 14 Key Concepts/Terms

what are the major ways plants differ from protists?

protists are unicellular, plants are multicellular
protists are microscopic
move protists can move, plants cannot

challenges of land living

drying out, structural support, reproduction

adaptations to land dwelling

embryophytic
cuticle
stomata
pigmentation
fungal relationship
tracheid cells
seeds

embryophytic

plants that have structures to protect the developing embryo

cuticle

The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.

stomata

the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

tracheid cells

Water-conducting and supportive elements of xylem

diplontic life cycle

a life cycle in which only the diploid phase is multicellular (e.g. human life cycle)

sporangia

located on the tip of the mature sporophyte, where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores

spore mother cells

The cells that undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores within a sporangium.

spores

Produced by meiosis. Grow into haploid organisms by mitosis.

Zygote (plant)

diploid

embryo (plant)

Immature sporophyte stage

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

gametophyte

Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism

haploidiplontic life cycle

an alternation between a multicellular haploid generation and a multicellular diploid generation

how do the events of meiosis and syngamy (fertilization) shape the haplodiplontic life cycle?

the fusion of gametes (syngamy) produces diploid cells and meiosis produces haploid cells

dominant life stage of moss

gametophyte

dominant life stage of ferns

sporophyte

is there a clear definition of plants?

Any of the eukaryotic organisms of the biological kingdom Plantae, characterized by being photosynthetic and having a rigid cell wall

the haploid phase gets _____ as plants evolve

shorter

syngamy

the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction.

antheridium

male reproductive structure in some plants that produces sperm

archegonium

structure that produces eggs, develops on the gametophyte

red algae is the _______ of the plantae

outgroup

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment

chloroplasts are a result of process

primary endosymbiosis

primary endosymbiosis

the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote

secondary endosymbiosis

when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

what group of stramenopiles is an example of secondary endosymbiosis

brown algae

land plants all arose through the ______ _______ lineage

green algae

land plants are photosynthetic due to what process

primary endosymbiosis

red algae has chlorophyll __

a

brown algae has chlorophyll __ and __

a; c

green algae has chlorophyll __ and __

a; b

land plants have chlorophyll __ and __

a; b

chlorophytes

most green algaes
similar cell form to land plants
monophyletic clade

stoneworts

sister to land plants
filamentous cell form
many homologous traits with land plants
cell structure
mitosis style
branching apical growth

branching apical growth

grows vertically

what are the non-vascular plants

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

what are the seedless vascular plants

lycophytes, horsetails, ferns

what are the non-flowering seed plants

gymnosperms

what are the flowering plants

angiosperms

other name for nonvascular plants

bryophytes

what does it mean to be nonvascular?

NO tracheid cells

features of byrophytes

embyrophytic
gametophyte dominant
sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
require water for sexual reproduction

moss life cycle

ungerminated spore --> germinating spore --> gametophyte --> antheridium or archegonium (water necessary) --> fertilization --> sporophyte --> sporangium --> meiosis --> ungerminated spore

what are the benefits of tracheids?

allows plants to grow tall because water and minerals can move upwards and sugar and nutrients can move downward. taller plants survive better because they are closer to the sun and receive more light for photosynthesis

other name for seedless vascular plants

tracheophytes

features of tracheophytes

embyrophytic
sporophyte dominant
free-living gametophyte
can get very large

lycophytes (club mosses)

most primitive tracheophytes
generally small
have microphylls (seeds without vasculature)

microphylls

The small leaves of lycophytes that have only a single, unbranched vein.

megaphylls

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

are the monilophytes paraphyletic or monophyletic?

monophyletic

monilophytes

ferns, horsetails

sori

fern structures in which spores are produced (enclose sporangia)

fern life cycle

broken sporangium releases germinating spores --> mature gametophyte (heart shaped) --> antheridium or archegonium produce sperm or egg --> fertilization --> embryo --> sporophyte --> mature sporophyte

Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia)

tracheophyte and gymnosperm (excellent example of plant adaptation)

Sequoia sempervirens (coast/california redwood)

largest gymnosperm

Chlamydomonas

unicellular green algae

Volvox

colonial green algae

Nori (red algae)

dried edible seaweed used in japanese cuisine

Chara

green algae

Which of the following statements about the haplodiplontic life cycle of land plants is/are TRUE?

A) during the sporophyte stage, sporangia house diploid mother cells that will eventually undergo meiosis
B) sperm develop from mitosis in the archegonium
C) spores grow by mitosis into mature haploid gametophytes
D) the gametophytic stage begins with a diploid spore
E) A and C are both true

E) A and C are both true