Latin American History Test 1

Diego Almagro

Spainard known for his fruitless ordeal exploring Chilean desert in the Incan Empire-partner of Francisco Pizarro

Atahualpa

last Inca emperor-civil war between Atahualpa and his half-brother Huascar killed many-after agreeing to meet Spanish at Cajamarca where the Spanish trapped the Incas and killed many of them Atahualpa was captured and held for ransom: a room filled to a line with gold and silver in 2 months-Spaniards got the gold and silver then killed him

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spainard Explorer who sailed to Panama in 1513-crossed Panama to find a “South Sea” and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain-John Keats erred in a poem trying to immortalize this feat-he treated Indians poorly-he was beheaded by his political superiors on trumped up charges.

Cabeza de Vaca

Spanish Explorer of the Navaez expedition(failed)-he led 3 survivors-he was merciful to Indians and horrified when Spanish killed/enslaved Indians-example of “going native”-walked across TX and NM for 8yrs-Wrote account Naufraglos (Castaways) but died penniless

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish explorer came in 1502-participated in the conquest and gained encomienda-had “religious experience” and began protesting Spanish abuse of Indians-crossed Atlantic 14 times! and lived to 90-writings led to the New Laws of the Indies in 1542-laws prohibited the outright enslavement of Indians and restricted encomienda abuses of power-while inefficiently enforced, probably improved life for Indians

Christopher Columbus

discovered North America

Francisco de Coronado

Spaniard who explored Southeast U.S.-veteran of conquests in Central America and Peru-extraordinarily cruel-” discovered” the Mississippi River-died of fever and was “buried in the river to protect body from Indians

Hernando Cortes

defeated the Aztecs

ruthless

El Dorado

both the name of a mythical city in Columbia and its king (the “golden one”)-king was said to coat himself in gold and then wash off in the river on ceremonial occasions-Sought by the Spanish explorer Jimenez de Quesada

Prince Henry the Navigator

supported Portugal’s early explorations

Huascar

half-brother of the last Incan Emperor-civil war killed many Incas

Ponce de Leon

Spaniard who found Florida-governor of Puerto Rico-stories of seeking a “Fountain of Youth” appeared after expedition-He arrived at Easter, Pascua Florida (Festival of Flowers) so he named the area Florida-was killed by Indians

Moctezuma

Aztec king captured by Cortez

Panfilo de Narvaez

explored the Gulf of Mexico and Florida

lost an eye trying to stop Cortes

shipwrecked in Florida

Francisco Pizarro

conquistador of the Incas

from Extremadura

partners with Almagro and a priest Hernando de Luque

came to take gold away from Incas

he was delayed for nearly two years wandering and exploring in Southern Ecuador

defeated the Incas through a smallpox epidemic in late 1520s

trapped the Indians and captured the king then forced them to pay a ransom of a room filled with gold and silver

more gold than Cortes

Pachacuti

Pachacuti Inca was the founder, organizer, warrior, and religious reformer of the Incas

he worshiped a three person sky God and other deities and royal ancestors’ mummies. He claimed divine decent

Jimenez de Quesada

Conquistador who explored Columbia

sought El Dorado the “golden one”

fought “high civilization” Musica (or Chibcha) federation of nearly one million near Bogota

lost many men

Quetzalcoatl

feathered serpent deity of the Maya

Hernando do Soto

Explored Southeastern U.S.

extraordinarily cruel

discovered Mississippi river

died in wilderness of fever then was buried in the river so the Indians wouldn’t desecrate his body

Tenochtitlan

Aztec city

“Indian Venice”

full of canoes in canals

three causeways to connect to mainland

solid masonry aqueduct to import fresh water

Teotihuacan

the “Rome of Mesoamerica”

pyramid of the sun was here

fire destroyed city

one of the world’s largest cities

Pedro de Valdivia

founded Santiago, Chile

helped Almagro

explored Atacama

killed 7 caciques and threw heads at Indian attackers

gold discovered

INdians rebels brutally killed him

Amerigo Vespucci

gained riches and power and name fame

claimed that they discovered new world

Olmec

rubber people

mother civilization

est. common cultural patterns for later groups

colossal stone heads

polytheism with bloody sacrifice

hieroglyphics

Gonzalo Pizarro

crossed Andes from Peru seeking Quivira, Cibola, and 7 cities of gold

beheaded for treason

civil war with Almagro

lead new rebellion against better treatment of Indians

killed the Viceroy and 340 others!