Unit 5 French Revolution

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55 Terms

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Causes of the French Revolution
Long Term: Debt/Financial Problems/Taxes, American Revolution, The Enlightenment, Absolutism, War

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Short Term: Famine
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Three Estates / Estates General
* 1st (clergy), 2nd (aristocracy), and 3rd estate ( commoners about 98% of the population) each get one vote
* Estates General: was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates, which were called and dismissed by the king.
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Abbe Sieyes
Gave the famous “What is the Third Estate?, Everything” Speech - argued that nobility was tiny and privileged, third estate showed true strength of french nation
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Tennis Court Oath
June 20th, 1789

* members of third estate pledge not to leave until they have written a constitutions
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Storming the Bastille
July 14, 1789

* rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the national assembly
* wanted weapons from bastille
* 18 dies, 73 wounded, 7 guards killed
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The Great Fear
July 20, 1789

* peasant revolt
* rumors that the feudal aristocracy were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land
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National Assembly August 4th Decrees, 1789
* The August 4th Decrees provided the nation with equality under the law (same laws, same taxes), but did not address the issues of land distribution and hunger.
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Declaration of the Rights of man and of the Citizen (DRMC)
August 16, 1789

* a written expression of the natural rights of citizens in revolutionary France
* liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
* Men are born free and remain equal in rights

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Olympe De Gouges

* wrote declaration of rights of women as a rebuttal to leaving women out of the DRMC
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March of the Women
October 5-6, 1789

* Parisian women wanted bread
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The “October Days”
king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the tuileries palace
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The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
July 12, 1790

* catholic clergy had to take an oath to government, divided the catholic population
* roman catholic church became a branch of the state
* church was reorganized, pope had no influence over the french clergy (Pope Pius VI)
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The French Constitution of 1791
* national assembly was the legislative branch
* monarch was executive branch, judicial branch would be seated
* many rights of the DRMC
* legislature was much stronger then other two branches
* only citizen who payed taxes could vote
* government in control of bourgeoisie
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Louis XVI + Marie Antoinette
The French Monarchy 1775-1793

* royal family attempted to fell june 1791, king was recognized at the border. ACT OF TREASON
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The First Coalition 1792-1797
Duke of Brunswick - if royal family was harmed paris will be leveled

* france vs Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and Britian
* new legislative assembly required to enlist new military made up of citizen, DRAFT
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The Bourgeois (middle class) Phase
1789-1792
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Cahiers de Doleances
* list of grievances
* it was customary for the 1st and 2nd estate to give the king a list of grievances
* for the first time the 3rd estate brought a list of 60,000 grievances
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The Radical Phase
1792-1795
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Causes of the Radical Phase
* war
* economic crises
* political divisions
* religious divisions
* fear of counter-revolution
* attitudes and actions of monarchy and court
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The Jacobins
* started off as a debating society
* mostly middle class
* The Mountain - power base in paris, main support from the San-Culottes made about the Constitution of 1791, leftist (radical left)
* The Girondin - power base in provinces, feared the influence of sans-culottes, considered moderate left, did not want to kill louis
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Maximilien Robespierre
* most important leader in the radical phase
* leader of Jacobins
* head of the CPS
* will become a dictator
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Georges Jacques Danton
* Robespierre’s right hand man
* sort of a mayor
* great public speaker
* Robespierre used his abilities to gain support in Paris
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Jean-Paul Marat
1744-1793

* parisian newspaper owner
* very supportive of Robespierre and hated on critics of

Robespierre
* used ideology instead of facts
* was assassinated
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The San-Culottes
* the parisian working class
* small shopkeepers, tradesmen, aritsans
* very angered at their exclusion of their vote in the 1791 constitution
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The “Second” French Revolution
National Convetion made up of Girondins and the Mountain

* Girondin Rule - 1792-1793 (moderates)
* Mountain Rule - 1793-1794 Robespierre “Reign of Terror”
* Their job is to agree on a new Republican constitution
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September Massacres in Paris
* anger about Constitution of 1791 and fear about Brunswick Manifesto
* Summer 1792 radicals called San-Culottes took control of the city government
* San-Culottes rounded up over 1000 royalists, refractory priests, bourgeoisie and aristocrats and executed them
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The National Convention
September 1792

* first act was the formal aboltition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792
* France is officially a republic, no king
* Jacobins dominate National Convention
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Louis XVI + Marian Antoinette Death
* documents found in kings possession showed he encouraged foreign invasion
* National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute monarchs
* He died January 21, 1793
* She died October 16, 1793
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Causes of the Reign of Terror

1. rural revolts - Vendee Rvolt 1793, drowning the traitors
2. Robespierre’s desire to create a “Republic of Virtue”
3. Approaching/ Invading Coalition Army (BAP), rising tensions in Paris (Brunswick Manifesto Threat)
4. Influence of San- Culottes on National Convention
5. Assassination of Marat
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Committee for Public Safety
Branch of National Convetion established to defend France from internal and domestic threats

* led by Robespierre
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Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 was during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason

* 2,639 victims in 15 months
* 20k killed nationwide
* killed its own, 28% peasants/farmers, 31% working class, 25% middle class
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De- Christianization
* Catholic church was linked with counter-revolution, superstitious
* radicals thought religion had no place in a rational, secular republic
* new adoption of Republican Calendar (abolished Sundays/religious holidays, 10 say “decades”, calendar was dated from creation of Republic Sept. 22, 1792, months named after seasonal features) \*\* JULY - THERMIDOR
* restrictions places on priests
* public exercise of religion was banned
* Cathedral of Notre Dame was turned into “Temple of Reason”
* Deportation of priests denounced by six citizens

Festival of Supreme being - new secular holiday

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* National Convention with the “Decree of Liberty of Cults” December 8, 1793 granted religious freedom
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French Victory of Fleurs
June 26, 1794

* france defeated austria
* major morale boost for fance
* opened the way to reoccupation of Belguim
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The “Thermidorian Reaction”
july 26 - Robespierre gives speech illustrating new plots and conspiracies. threatened many

july 27 - the convention arrests him

july 28 - Robespierre is tried and guillotined

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* closed Jacobins clubs
* churches responded 1795- freedom of worship granted
* economic restrictions lifted
* august 1795 a new constitution is written (more conservative republicanism)
* curtailed power of the CPS
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“Cultural Revolution”
* brought by national convention
* metric system
* abolition of slavery within france 1791 and throughout french colonies in 1794
* women given the right to divorce and inherit property (WOULD BE TAKEN AWAY BY NAPOLEON)
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Directory 1795-1799
* new government called the directory
* people involved in Reign of Terror were attacked “white terror”
* self- indulgence
* politically corrupt
* 5 executive committee
* Legislature - Council of 500, Council of Elders (married or widowed men over 40)
* electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers
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18 Brumaire
Nov 9, 1799

* secretly few members of directory asked Napoleon to take control of the government
* Abbe Sieyes was one of them
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Napoleon’s Military Beginnings
* 1796-1797
* he conquered most of northern italy
* brought french revolutionary ideas to italy
* ended serfdom, limited noble privileges, suppresses religious authorities
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Egyptian Compaign
1789 - he was defeated by British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson who destroyed them at the Battle of the Nile

* he abandoned his troops there and received the heros welcome in France
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“First Consul”
* Napoleon proclaimed himself “first consul” and then “consul for life”
* Napoleon’s popularity rose
* grateful voters endorsed Napoleon’s rule
* destroyed democracy
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Concordat of 1801
Napoleon wanted to heal divisions within the Catholic Church that developed after the confiscation of church lands and the CCC

* His clear intent was to use the clergy to support his regime
* pope had to accept loos of lands but regained control over all ranks of people
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The Lycee System of ==Education==
established by Napoleon in 1801

* the educational reform of meritocracy and morality
* enrolled the nation’s most talented students
* trained nations future bureaucrats
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The legion of Honor, 1802
created to rewards to achievements of the nation

* everyday common citizens were awarded for achievements in medicine, science, arts, military, engineering
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Code of Napoleon, 1804
* equality before law
* freedom of religion
* ended all aristocratic privileges
* protected property rights
* women can no longer divorce
* women could not buy or sell property without consent of father or husband
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Haitian Independence
1792-1804

* L’ Ouverture led the largest successful slave in rebellion in Haiti
* Established himself as a governor general for life
* Napoleon’s troops will reconquer Haiti and capture him and he will die in France
* Napoleon will reestablish slavery.
* L’ Ouverture lieutenants will successfully defeat the French and gain independence in 1804
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Loss of Liberty in France
* press was censored
* freedom of speech limited
* political opposition was outlawed and suppressed by intimidation, secret police and death
* most french were still fearful of the Reign of Terror and grateful, so they saw their loss of liberties as necessary to enjoy security and stability
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Napoleonic Europe
* Napoleon conquered Europe and would forever change Europe.
* installed Napoleonic code
* ended feudalism
* embraced meritocracy
* abolished aristocratic privileges
* nationalism
* 19th century was defined by Napoleon’s rule
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Battle of Trafalgar
* 1805 Napoleon will lose at sea to Lord Horatio Nelson
* navy destroyed
* Napoleon was prevented from controlling the seas and invading Great Britian
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Battle of Austerlitz
* solidified Napoleon as a military genius and HRE was under his control
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Continental System
* goal was to isolate Britian and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe by barring trade with England

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* Peninsular Campaign: Portugal did not comply to the system and continued trade with Britian. France wanted Spain support but they refused, French will brutalize the spanish

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Spanish Ulcer
* Napeloen tricked king and prince of Spain and then imprisoned him
* His brother Joseph became king of Spain
* Stationed over 100,000 French troops in Madrid
* May 2, 1808 - spanish rose up in rebellion
* May 3, 1808 - French troops fired on crowd in Madrid
* Napoleon spent 500,00 troops. Gueriall warfare. French troops were pushed back into France
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The Big Blunder
* July 1012 Napeloen lied his army of 614, 00 men into Russia
* russian burned crops - so no food
* and russian winter was too cold
* napeoloen watched moscow burn September 14, 1812
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Napoleon Abdicates
* napoleon abdicates on April 6 and named his son Napoleon II King of France allies did not agree
* Napeleon abdicated again on April 11
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Treaty of Foutainebleau
exiles Napoleon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs
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Napoleons Return “The 100 Days”
Napoleon escaped Elba and landed in France

March 1, 1815

* France vs. Britian, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden
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Congress of Vienna
* Tsar Alexander 1
* King Frederick William III
* Prince Klemes von Metternich
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
* Viscount Castlereagh

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balance of power

establish the “concert system”

liberalism and nationalism will lead to more revolutions

diplomacy to create peace