Period Two Test Review (1607–1754)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, people, economic models, and events from Period Two (1607–1754) test review notes.

Plymouth Colony

Founded in 1620 by Pilgrims/Separatists who wanted to separate completely from the Church of England to practice their faith independently.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded in 1630 by Puritans led by John Winthrop who wanted to purify/reform the Church of England and establish a religiously ordered, godly society.

City upon a hill

John Winthrop's concept that Massachusetts Bay Colony should serve as a model Christian community watched by the world.

Theocracy

A government in which religious beliefs and leaders strongly shape civil authority, as seen in early Massachusetts Bay.

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachusetts Bay for dissent; founded Rhode Island and championed liberty of conscience and separation of church and state.

Great Awakening

A series of Protestant religious revivals in the 1730s–1740s that stressed personal conversion and emotional worship, challenging established church authority.

Headright System

A land-grant system in Virginia that granted land to anyone who paid for their own or another person's passage to the colony, encouraging immigration and planter land holdings.

Indentured Servitude

A labor arrangement where a person contracted to work for a fixed term in exchange for passage to America, food, shelter, and freedom dues.

Mercantilism

An economic policy where an imperial nation seeks wealth and power by controlling trade, acquiring resources, and keeping colonial commerce beneficial to the mother country.

Navigation Acts

English laws designed to regulate trade by requiring enumerated goods and colonial trade to pass through English ships and English-controlled routes.

Salutary Neglect

The late 17th and early 18th-century British practice of lax enforcement of trade regulations, allowing colonies to build self-government and economic autonomy.

House of Burgesses

Established in Virginia in 1619, representing an early landmark form of representative government in English North America.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 Virginia frontier revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley; highlighted class conflict and contributed to a growing reliance on African slavery.

Halfway Covenant

A 1662 Massachusetts compromise granting partial church membership privileges to baptized children of members who had not yet experienced full conversion.

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

A law protecting the practice of Trinitarian Christians in Maryland, providing early religious protection though not modern universal freedom.

Salem Witch Trials

A 1692–93 panic in Massachusetts marked by widespread witchcraft accusations, executions, religious anxiety, and flawed legal standards.

Old Deluder Satan Act

A 1647 Massachusetts school law mandating towns of a certain size to provide basic education so children could read the Bible and resist religious ignorance.

King Philip's War

A 1675–76 conflict in New England between colonists and a Native coalition led by Metacom, resulting in heavy casualties and reduced Native sovereignty in southern New England.

John Smith

Jamestown leader who established strict discipline and labor policies to ensure colony survival, while maintaining early relations with Native peoples.

John Rolfe

Jamestown colonist who introduced a profitable strain of tobacco to Virginia, sparking the colony's plantation economy and labor demand.

William Penn

Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who established a 'holy experiment' marked by broad religious tolerance and Quaker governance values.

Metacom

Native leader, known to the English as King Philip, who organized a major armed alliance to resist colonial land expansion during King Philip's War.