Intro to Exceptional Learners Quiz 3 (LD's and Speech)

Learning Disabilities

A disorder in one or more of the basic physiological processes involved in understanding or in using languages, spoken or written

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: a 2004 federal law which ensures that children with disabilities are not excluded

Two circumstances that determine a learning disability

Inclusionary standard

Exclusionary standard

Learning disabilities

Most prevalent

The highest rate on inclusion in general education

Boys are 2-4x more likely to have LD’s

Discrepancy Standard

Used in evaluating and naming disorder

Top 6 Learning Disabilities (LD) by prevalence

6. Dyspraxia

5. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)

4. Dyscalculia

3. ADHD (behavioral)

2. Dysgraphia

1. Dyslexia

6. Dyspraxia

• 5% of learners

• Affects person’s ability to plan and coordinate physical movements

• Helps

• 1. Alternative to handwriting

• 2. Adjusting seating

5. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)

   • Affect ability to process auditory information

   • Helps:

   • 1. Reducing background noise

   • 2. Speaking clearly and slowly

   • 3. Visual aids

   
   

4. Dyscalculia

• Ability to understand and manipulate numbers

• Helps

1. Hand on activities

2. Visual aids

3. Explicit math instructions

3. ADHD (behavioral)

• 9.8% of learners

• Ability to pay attention,control impulsive behavior and regulate activities

• Helps:

• 1. Structured routines

• 2. Breaking down tasks

3. Positive reinforcements

4. Medication

5. Behavioral

2. Dysgraphia

   • 10-30% of learners

   • Struggle with writing

   • Ability to write

   Helps:

   1. Extra time for writing

   2. Assistive technology

   3. Explicit instruction

1. Dyslexia

• 20% of learners

• Ability to read

Helps:

• Explicit reading instruction

• Multi-sensory techniques

• Assistive technology

Learning disabilities are linked to something neurological

Math disorders - left temporal lobe

Computation - prefrontal + inferior parietal lobe

Reading - less activity in left-hemisphere regions

6 types of dyslexia

A. Phonological (auditory)

• Considered most common

• Difficulty in processing sounds

• Difficulty remembering words

• Low vocab

• Difficulty processing instructions

• Confusing words

B. Visual (surface) (dyseidetic)

• Difficulty picturing words in mind

• Good w/ phonics (words that are phonetic)

• Probably genetic

• Work with spatial skills

C. Attentional

• Letters jump

• Visual tracking skills

D. Neglect

• Neglecting honoring sequencing of letters

• Words seem to move or jump

• Divisional attention

• Visual or processing issues

E. Rapid Naming Deficit

• Wrong word when reading

• Slower difficulty reading + comprehension

F. Double Deficit

• Any combination of the types

Causes of learning disabilities

1. If child moves too quickly through milestone or stays too long

2. Have more activity on right side, less connections on left

3. Biochemistry (deficiency + toxicities)

Dyslexia

• Medical term

• In teaching, just a ‘reading disorder’

• Indicates more severe symptoms of reading disorder

• Higher rate in urban areas (w/ multiple risk factors already)

• Half that have disorder in math have in reading as well

Types of Memory

1. Short-term memory

• Recalling information shortly after it is presented

2. Long-term memory

• storing information permanently for recall

3. Working memory

• How students process information in order to remember it

• (relates to learning disorder)

• (breaking down, connecting, storing properly)

Students with LD’s struggle w/

• Acquire, organize, prioritize key informational themes

• Check and revise performance

• Initiate new strategies or tacks

• Shift to different approaches

• Evaluate correct and incorrect solutions

Emotional element

• Higher anxiety

• Performance

• Higher incidence of behavioral problems

Midline

across the whole body

Bilateral coordination

using both sides of the body (brain) together

Affects If midline not crossed right

• Writing

• Reading

• Fine motor skills

• Gross motor skills

Difficulty crossing midline signs

• Switching hand with writing ot cutting

• Truing the body to avoid crossing midline

• Only using left hand for left side things, and right hand for right

• Kicking the ball with both feet depending on where it comes

Communication

The receiving, understanding, and expressing of information, feelings, and ideas

Modes of communication

Verbal

Manual

Non-verbal

Speech disorder

Difficulty related to the production of sounds, the quality of voice, or the fluency of speech (just speech, production of the sounds)

10 things used in speech?

Tongue

Lips

Teeth

Oral cavity - resonance or sound

Larynx- voice box

Sparynx

Trachea

Lungs

Diaphragm

Hard and soft pallets

Language disorder

Difficulty related to the production of sounds, the quality of voice, or the fluency of speech (pertains to communication as a whole)

Types of language disorders

Receptive language disorder

Expressive language disorder

Language is comprised of

Phonology

Morphoology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Articulation disorders

Substitutions

Omissions

Additions

Distortions