ISCI 101 Notes

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on science, covering concepts from chemistry and physics, units of measurement, problem-solving, ratios, density, temperature, significant figures, scientific notation, precision, accuracy, motion, Newton's laws, energy, heat, light, atoms, periodic properties, chemical bonding, and organic compounds.

Referent

Think of something you deal with every day but might have a hard time describing to someone else.

Metric Prefixes

Divisions are all related by factors of 10.

Prefix G

Giga, 1 x 10^9

Prefix M

Mega, 1 x 10^6

Prefix K

Kilo, 1 x 10^3

Prefix D

Deci, 1 x 10^-1

Prefix C

Centi, 1 x 10^-2

Prefix M

Milli, 1 x 10^-3

Prefix

Micro, 1 x 10^-6

Prefix N

Nano, 1 x 10^-9

Prefix P

Pico, 1 x 10^-12

Density Ratio

Bridge between mass and volume

Significant Figures

All digits in a number that carry some meaningful determination to its precision.

Significant Figures Rule

Final answer is limited to the lowest number of significant digits allowed.

Trailing Zero Rule

All trailing zero’s are significant only if there is a decimal place.

Leading Zero Rule

All leading zero’s are not significant.

Observations

Natural phenomena and measured events; universally consistent ones can be stated as a natural law.

Hypothesis

Tentative proposal that explains observations.

Experiment

Procedure to test hypothesis; measures one variable at a time.

Model (Theory)

Set of conceptual assumptions that explains data from accumulated experiments; predicts related phenomena.

Further Experiment

Tests predictions based on model.

Newton’s First Law

Object at rest stays at rest, object in motion stays in motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by unbalanced force.

Newton’s Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration.

Newton’s Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton (unit of Force)

Amount of force required to accelerate 1 kg of mass 1 m/s^2.

Weight

Property that determines the weight of an object in a gravitational field.

Mass

The quantity of matter in an object.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Definition of Force

An external effort that changes an object's state of motion.

Changing position

Definition of Motion

The ability to do work.

Definition of Energy

Relationship to Matter

Capacity to affect matter by doing work.

Work

Application of a force over a distance.

Power

The rate at which work is done.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

Potential Energy

Energy associated with a position.

Heat

Definition: Internal Energy

Temperature

Measure related to average kinetic energy of molecules.

Heat

Energy transfer due to temperature difference.

Conduction

Heat flowing through matter

Convection

Heat transfer by movement of a fluid

Radiation

Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

Melting

Solid to liquid

Boiling

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Waves

Is a disturbance that moves through a medium.

Amplitude

The maximum displacement from equilibrium.

Cycle

One complete vibration.

Period

Time for one complete vibration.

Frequency

Number of vibrations per unit time.

Wavelength

Distance between successive crests or troughs.

Velocity

Speed = Frequency x Wavelength

Mechanical Waves

Requires a medium to travel.

Longitudinal Wave

Disturbance is parallel to wave motion.

Transverse Wave

Disturbance is perpendicular to wave motion.

Medium Required

Sound, light need some medium to travel.

Resonance

An increase in amplitude when driving frequency matches natural frequency.

Loudness of sound

Related to intensity, frequency, and presence of other sounds.

Doppler Effect

Change in frequency due to relative motion.

Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis)

Caused by charged particles interacting with the Earth's magnetic field.

Electric Current

A flow of electric charge.

Luminous

Light producing

Incandescent

Light emitted from hot objects.

Blackbody Radiation

Light emitted due to temperature.

Theory of Relativity

Describes how space and time are affected.

Properties of Matter

The properties of matter. Physical and Chemical

Physical Change

Changes affecting form, not identity.

Chemical Change

Changes resulting in new substances.

John Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Atoms combine to form molecules.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions involve rearrangements of atoms.

J.J. Thomson's Cathode Ray Experiment

Discovered the electron

Millikan’s oil-drop experiment

Measured the charge of an electron.

Rutherford's α-scattering experiment

Discovered the atomic nucleus.

Z (atomic number)

Number of protons.

A (mass number)

Number of protons + neutrons.

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Periodic Table

Organizes elements so that elements with similar properties are in the same column.

Group

vertical column

Period

horizontal row

Octet Rule

Elements that gain or lose electrons to form ions in order to satisfy the octet rule

Ionic Bond

Attractive force between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms.

Metallic Bond

Sharing of electrons between metal atoms.

Polyatomic Ions

ion composed of 2 or more atoms

Electronegativity

Measure of the electron withdrawing power of an atom.

Chemical Formulas

Shows kinds and relative numbers of atoms in a substance.

Chemical Equations

Symbolic representation of chemical reaction

The Mole

One mole always contains the same number of particles, no matter what the substance.

Avagadro’s number

6.022 x 10^23

Elemental Analysis

Experimental technique that gives the mass percent composition of a substance.

Reactants

Substances consumed during a chemical reaction.

Products

Substances formed during a chemical reaction.

Arrow in Chemical Equation

implies yields or produces.

(g)

Gaseous State

(s)

Solid State

(l)

Liquid State

(aq)

Aqueous State

Combustion Reaction

A rapid oxidation-reduction reaction that produces heat and light.

Decomposition Reaction

Substance breaks down into simpler substances.

Combination Reaction

Two or more substances combine to form a compound.