Photosynthesis and cell respiration

1st stage of photosynthesis

absorption of light

what does white reflect/absorb

reflect all light

what does black reflect/absorb

absorb all light

how does light absorption work

pigments absorb light and appear in color based on the wavelength they reflect

what colors are not pigments

white and transparent

photon

particle/unit of light

what does a longer wavelength mean

less energy

chlorophyll

main pigment

absorption spectrum

percentage absorbed by pigment

action spectrum

rate of photosynthesis

photosynthesis

initial energy source

different types of chlorophyll

a and b, absorbing blue and red and reflecting green

how are wavelengths related to wave frequency

inverse scale

what wavelengths are on the horizontal axis

400-700nm

oxidation reactions

release energy

reduction reactions

absorb energy

energy distribution in cells

can be converted to ATP, or stored in glycogen/starch

subunits of nucleotides

RNA and DNA

components of nucleotides

nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate groups

ATP base

adenine

ATP sugar

ribose

ATP phosphate groups

3 negatively charged groups

is ATP water soluble

yes, so it can travel in the cell

when is ATP stable

at neutral PH

can ATP diffuse through membrane

no it cannot diffuse

how easily is ATP 3rd phosphate group removed/reattached

very easily, causing a release of a small amount of energy

what life processes does ATP supply

synthesizing macromolecules/anabolism

active transport

movements

how does ATP synthesize macromolecules

linking monomers to polymers

synthesizing DNA, RNA and proteins

how does ATP facilitate active transport

it makes proteins less stable to allow ions to pass through

how does ATP facilitate movements

chromosomes in mitosis

vesicles

phagocytes in disease prevention, muscles

where does energy come from

cell respiration from oxidizing carbs, fats, proteins, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis

photosynthesis

light → chemical energy

chemosynthesis

oxidizing inorganic substances

how is cell death prevented

regeneration of ATP

how efficient are energy conversions?

not 100%, some energy is transformed into heat

deamination

removing the nitrogen in proteins

why do we not use energy from glucose directly

it would waste energy, and ATP is more efficient

what is necessary for gas exchange

cell respiration, as gas exchange needs concentration gradients

what is necessary for cell respiration

gas exchange, because cell resp needs O2 and less CO2

what is cell respiration in reverse

photosynthesis

what does aerobic cell respiration use

O2

carbs like glucose

lipids

amino acids

what does anaerobic cell respiration use

no O2

only carbs

what is the waste from aerobic resp

CO2 and H2O

what is the anaerobic resp waste

CO2 and lactate/ethanol

what is the ATP yield for aerobic

higher, greater than 30 molecules per glucose

what is the ATP yield of anerobic

lower, only 2 ATP per glucose

where are the reactions in aerobic resp

initial reactions in cytoplasm, most occur in the mitochondria

where are the reactions in anerobic resp

all occur in cytoplasm

advantages of anaerobic resp

supplies ATP very rapidly

• maximize muscle contractions

lactate (lactic acid)

waste product of muscle anerobic respiration

• requires o2 to break down

O2 debt

build up of O2 demand during anaerobic respiration

ATP

molecule that distributes energy within cells

where does glycolysis take place

cytosol of cell

when O2 is scarce

what is the first step of aerobic respiration

glycolysis

what happens in glycolysis

without using O2, glucose is broken into 2 pyruvate molecules

what ATP net does glycolysis yield

2 ATPs per 1 glucose molecule

where does krebs cycle take place

mitochondria matrix

what happens in Krebs cycle

pyruvate decomposes into CO2

what ATP net does the Krebs cycle yield

2 atps

where is most energy transferred in the Krebs cycle

NAD+

where does electron transport take place

across mitochondria inner membrane

what happens in electron transport train

electrons are passed down the molecule chain to make water

energy is released with each pass

what is the total energy yield of electron transport train

net 34 atps

where does lactic acid fermentation take place

cytosol of the cell

what happens if there is no lactic acid

mitochondria isn’t used

what happens in lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate is reduced to lactate

lactate is passed to the liver where it creates O2 debt

what is pyruvate reduced to in yeast

ethanol and CO2

what is the energy yield of lactic acid fermentation

no additional ATPS

what happens to lactate in liver

it is converted back to pyruvate

it can be used in Krebs cycle + electron chain

or stores for later as glycogen

is O2 required to convert lactate back to pyruvate

yes

what is the total ATP yield for aerobic resp

38ish

what is the total ATP yield for anaerobic resp

2

how long does ATP supplies provide energy

first 8-10 sec of exercise

how long does anaerobic resp supply energy

first 2 minutes of exercise

how long does aerobic resp supply energy

indefinitely for moderate intensity activity