QCAA CHEMISTRY - Reaction Pathways

Alkane to haloalkane

Through a substitution reaction with the halogen under UV conditions

Alkene to alkane

Through an addition/reduction reaction with hydrogen and a catalyst

Alkene to haloalkane

Through an addition reaction with a hydrogen and halogen (e.g., HCL)

Alkene to dihaloalkane

Through an addition with a dihalogen molecule (e.g., Cl2)

Alkene to Alcohol

Through an addition reaction with heat, H2O and a catalyst

Alkene to Polymer

Through an addition reaction with a catalyst, heat and pressure

Haloalkane to Alcohol

Through a substitution reaction with reflux and NaOH(aq)

Haloalkane to Amine

Through a substitution reaction with NH3 and conc

Haloalkane to Nitrile

Through a substitution reaction with KCN and reflux

Haloalkane to Alkene

Through an elimination reaction with NaOH and reflux

Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde

Through an oxidation reaction with H/MnO4 and heat

Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Through a second oxidation reaction (alcohol to aldehyde to carboxylic acid) with H/Cr2O7 and heat for longer

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

Through an oxidation reaction with H/MnO4 or H/Cr2O7

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

Through a condensation or esterification reaction with an alcohol and heat

Carboxylic Acid to Salt

Through a neutralisation reaction with a base

Amine to Amide

A condensation reaction with a carboxylic acid

Amine to Salt

A neutralisation reaction with an acid

Nitrile to Amine

A reduction/addition reaction with a H2/Ni catalyst and heat

How are alkanes distinguished from alkenes?

When using Br2, alkenes turn the red colourless

How do you determine the level of alcohols?

Through the number/products of oxidation. Primary alcohols oxidise twice, secondary once and tertiary null.

How to determine between an aldehyde and ketone?

Because aldehydes oxidise and ketones don't, aldehydes turn orange dichromate green and purple manganate pale pink

Markovnikov's Rule

When an unsymmetrical reagent is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the H goes to the C's that has the most H's