Nursing History and Philosophy Practice Flashcards

200 vocabulary flashcards covering nursing history, Philippine nursing landmarks, legal frameworks, and philosophical schools of thought like rationalism and empiricism.

Nursing (Definition)

The art and science of assisting individuals to learn, to care for themselves and of caring for them when they cannot meet their own needs.

Nursing Focus

Focuses on the client’s response to illness rather than on the illness itself.

Autonomy

Refers to being self-directed in the context of nursing issues.

Wet Nurses

Caregivers used in the early civilizations of Babylonia and Assyria.

Hygiea

The Ancient Greek Goddess of wealth who was honored with temples built for spa-type settings.

Hippocrates

A Greek physician considered the Father of medicine who used a systematic approach in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.

Eastern Roman Empire

The location where the first hospitals were established, specifically in the Byzantine Empire.

Constantinople

The city where two very developed hospitals were created during the Roman Empire period.

Middle Ages Nursing Staff

Largely based on religion, consisting mainly of nuns and monks.

The Dark Age of Nursing

A term sometimes used to describe the Renaissance period in relation to nursing developments.

Palliative Care (Renaissance)

The type of care provided to the poor who were past the point of healing until their death.

Theodor Fliedner

A pastor from Kaiserworth, Germany, who established the first school of nursing for Deaconesses.

Florence Nightingale

A student of Kaiserworth who envisioned nurses as a body of educated women and pioneered modern nursing.

Scutari

The location where Florence Nightingale cared for the wounded during the Crimean War.

St. Thomas Hospital

The location in London where the establishment of a School of Nursing marked the birth of modern nursing.

Intuitive Period

Also known as the Primitive or Instinctive Period, spanning from primitive times to the $6^{th}$ century.

Apprentice Period

A period of nursing history from the $6^{th}$ Century to the $18^{th}$ Century.

Educative Period

A period of nursing history from the $18^{th}$ Century to the $20^{th}$ Century, also called the Nightingale Era.

Contemporary Period

The period of nursing history starting in the late $20^{th}$ century characterized by scientific and technological development.

Untaught Nursing

Nursing that was instinctive and performed out of compassion during the Intuitive Period.

On-the-job Training

The method of nursing care during the Apprentice Period, performed by people directed by more experienced nurses.

Sir Sydney Herbert

The individual from the British War Department who asked Florence Nightingale to recruit female nurses.

Nightingale Training School of Nurses

The school that opened in $1860$ at St. Thomas Hospital.

Staff Development

Used to maintain the needed knowledge and skills for continuing education.

Continuing Education Units (CEU’s)

Requirements set by the PRC for the renewal of nursing licenses.

PRC

The organization that requires continuing education units for nursing license renewal.

Competency Development

A trend in nursing education focusing on the demonstration of basic competency by all entry-level graduates.

Delivery of Care Trend

Demand driven specifically by an aging population.

Mysticism and Superstitions

The basis for early Filipino beliefs regarding the causes and treatment of diseases.

Mangkukulam

An enemy or witch believed by early Filipinos to cause diseases without an identified cause.

Nunos

Beings to whom early Filipinos attributed difficult childbirth.

Herbolarios

Also known as herb doctors, they were considered special healers in early Filipino culture.

Josephine Bracken

Wife of Jose Rizal who installed a field hospital in Tejeros to provide nursing care to the wounded.

Rose Sevilla de Alvaro

Woman who converted her house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Philippine-American War in $1899$.

Hilaria de Aguinaldo

Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo who organized the Filipino Red Cross.

Captain Salomen

A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija who provided nursing care to the wounded.

Melchora Aquino

Also known as Tandang Sora, she nursed wounded soldiers and provided shelter and food.

Agueda Kahabagan

A revolutionary leader in Laguna who provided nursing services to her troops.

Trinidad Tecson

Known as 'Ina ng Biak na Bato,' she cared for wounded soldiers in the hospital at Biak na Bato.

Hospital Real de Manila

The first hospital established during the Spanish Regime.

San Lazaro Hospital

The second hospital established during the Spanish Regime.

Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing

A hospital and school of nursing established in $1906$.

UST (1946)

The first College of Nursing established in the Philippines.

MCU College of Nursing

The first college to offer a $4$-year BSN program in June $1947$.

UP College of Nursing

College of Nursing established in June $1948$.

FEU Institute of Nursing

Institute of Nursing established in June $1955$.

UE College of Nursing

College of Nursing established in October $1958$.

Act #2808

The first Nurses Law enacted in $1919$ to regulate the nursing profession in the Philippines.

Filipino Nurses Association

Established in $1921$, it is now known as the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA).

Rosario Delgado

The first President of the Filipino Nurses Association.

Anastacia Giron-Tupas

The founder of the Filipino Nurses Association.

Republic Act 877

Known as the 'Nursing Practice Law' approved in $1953$.

Republic Act No. 9173

Known as the 'Philippine Nursing Act of 2002.'

Philosophy

A systematic study and rational inquiry concerning existence, reason, knowledge, value, and language.

Etymology of Philosophy

Derived from the Greek words 'philos' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom).

Epistemology

A branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge; the 'theory of knowledge.'

Philosophy of Nursing

An approach used by nurses to explain their beliefs about nursing, their role, and ethics in practice.

Science

A logical, systematic, and coherent way to solve problems and answer questions.

Rationalism

An epistemological position where reason is the primary source of all knowledge, superior to the senses.

A Priori Ideas

Innate truths discovered independently of experience, observation, or experimentation.

Rene Descartes

Known as the 'father of modern philosophy' and the archetype of the modern rationalist.

Intuition (Descartes)

The method of grasping basic connections between ideas to discover basic truths.

Deduction (Descartes)

The process used to demonstrate more complex truths from basic intuitive ideas.

Plato

Ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy and believed sense experience fails to guarantee truth.

Empiricism

The view that all knowledge of reality is derived from sense experience.

Sense Experience

Perceptions derived from the five senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.

Blank Tablet (Tabula Rasa)

The empiricist view of the mind at birth, devoid of any innate ideas.

Aristotle

Philosopher who believed knowledge of general or universal ideas comes from experience.

Francis Bacon

Known as the father of empiricism, he believed scientific knowledge must come from careful observation and inductive reasoning.

John Locke

An early Enlightenment philosopher who authored 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' and detailed the concept of tabula rasa.

Ockham's Razor

The principle that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is usually preferred.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

A behavioral psychologist whose work reflects a strict empiricist view.

Materialistic Monism

The version of philosophy found in Skinner's work along with radical empiricism.

Operant Conditioning Theory

Skinner's theory stating that learning and behavior change are the result of reinforcement and punishment.

Research-then-theory

The traditional strategy associated with the empiricist approach to knowledge.

Theory-then-research

The traditional strategy associated with the rationalist approach to knowledge.

Mathematics (Paradigm)

The paradigm of knowledge for Rationalism.

Experimental Science (Paradigm)

The paradigm of knowledge for Empiricism.

Babylonia

Along with Assyria, used 'wet' nurses in early civilizations.

Assyria

Along with Babylonia, used 'wet' nurses in early civilizations.

Hippocrates’ Systematic Approach

Involved assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and maintaining written records of patients.

Byzantine Empire

Also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, where the first hospitals were established.

Renaissance Poor Provisions

Provisions for the poor were in place, but patients were usually past the point of healing.

Renaissance Wealthy Patients

Typically suffered only from minor surgical issues, contributing to lower death rates in their hospitals.

Religious Nurses (India)

Priests served as nurses and were male, spreading from India to Greece and Ireland by $3$ BC.

Modern Nursing Birth

Marked by the establishment of the school at St. Thomas Hospital.

Intuitive Nursing Characteristic

Viewed as a natural nurturing job for women.

Sir Sydney Herbert's Role

Recruited female nurses for the Crimean War under the British War Department.

Computer Utilization in Nursing

Used for data collection, teaching, diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, record keeping, and billing.

Continuing Education Responsibility

Nurses are responsible for their own continuing education.

Competency Level Requirement

Required for all entry-level graduates regardless of education.

Superstitious Disease Cause

Believed to be caused by another person, enemy, witch, or evil spirits.

Tejeros Field Hospital

Installed by Josephine Bracken to provide night and day care to the wounded.

Filipino Red Cross

Organized by Hilaria de Aguinaldo.

Ina ng Biak na Bato

The title given to Trinidad Tecson.

1906 Nursing Milestone

Opening of the Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing.

4-year BSN Program

First offered by MCU College of Nursing in June $1947$.

Nursing Exam Schedule (1919)

Held on the $2^{nd}$ Monday of June and December each year under Act #2808.

First Board Examination Year

Conducted in $1920$ by the Board of Examiners.

Phil-American War (1899)

Context in which Rose Sevilla de Alvaro used her house as quarters for soldiers.