AP Euro Chapter Terms: Ch. 15 - State Building

Time of Troubles

followed Ivan IV's death in 1584;

period of famine, power struggles and war;

Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow

Absolutism

a political system in which a ruler holds total power

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Catholic Bohemian nobleman who raised a large army to fight for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years War

Amsterdam

as the Dutch took over global trade during the 17th century, this Dutch city became the most important commercial and banking center in Europe

Archbishop Laud

He was the archbishop of Canterbury and he supported King Charles I but opposed radical forms of Puritanism, and this resulted in his beheading

Artemisia Gentileschi

1593-1656;

an Italian Early Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence

Baroque Art

associated with the Catholic Reformation;

characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, and spirit;

meant to inspire the masses;

art that originated in Rome

Bill of Rights

gave Parliament solidified power, made it so the monarch could not do anything without consent of parliament

Bishop Bossuet

defender of Divine-right Monarchy

Bohemia

first phase of the Thirty Years war;

started in the states of Habsburg's territories

Boyars

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia,

next in rank to a prince

Brandenburg-Prussia

group of German territories,

ruled by the Hohenzollern family,

became one of Europe's most powerful states in the seventeenth century;

its military strength was supported by its hereditary landowners who were granted autonomy in their territories

Cardinal Mazarin

1602-1661;

Richelieu's successor as chief minister for the next child-king, the four-year-old Louis XIV

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to King Louis XIII

Charles I

1625-1649;

Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed

Charles II

1660-1685;

Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's downfall

Charles XII

This Swedish king was the primary opponent of Peter the Great in the Great Northern War of the early 1700s

Defenestration of Prague

1618;

the throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia;

started the Thirty Years' War

Divine Right Monarchy

The belief that a monarch's power derives from God and represents Him on earth. King holds absolute power.

Dutch Golden Age

farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration - all factors for success;

decline due to the death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry

Dutch Realism

Dutch artists were neither classical nor Baroque, they were interested in the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life

Elector Palatinate Frederick IV

he formed a league of German Protestant states called the Protestant Union

El Greco

1541-1614;

Spanish painter - born in Greece;

remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color

Emperor Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor from 1619-1637;

member of the House of Habsburg;

suppressed Protestants during 20 Years War;

a backer of the Counter Reformation

English Civil War

1642-1651;

armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians resulting in a victory of Pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I

English Parliament

was angered by James I (they were used to ruling with the king)

Frederick William the Great Elector

leader of Prussia (a German state);

built a large and efficient army that became the fourth largest army in Europe and made Prussia a major power

French Classicism

French art style committed to the classical values of the high renaissance

French Parlements

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles

The Fronde

1648-1653;

French civil wars started by Nobles of the Robe that resented the increased power of the monarchy

Gentry

class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Theresa

famous baroque sculpture made for the Church of Santa Maria

Glorious Revolution

bloodless revolt in England;

against Catholic King James II;

led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne;

these events in England also allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials

Great Northern War

Russia, Poland, Denmark vs. Sweden

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden during the 30 Years War.

Made Sweden a great military power.

Aided Protestants in Germany.

Henrietta Maria

Charles I Catholic and French wife

the Hohenzollerns

This dynasty long provided the electors, kings, and emperors who ruled Prussia and unified Germany until the end of World War I

The House of Orange

This was the most powerful, dominant family in the Dutch Republic;

provided many of the stadtholders who headed the executive branch of government including the man who became King William III of England

Intendants

Royal officers sent by Cardinal Richelieu to execute the orders of the central government;

strengthened the power of the crown by defeating local governors

Ivan IV

"The Terrible";

Russian ruler;

cruel and tyrannical;

murdered nobility;

extremely paranoid (killed his own son);

taxed people heavily;

took title of "czar"

James II

1633-1701;

fourth and final stuart king;

succeeded Charles II;

overthrown in Glorious Revolution;

ruled England 1685-1688

Jean-Baptiste Molière

french playwright who wrote comedies satirizing pompous scholars, social climbers, false priests, and quack physicians;

aimed more at humankind in general rather than specific regimes

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

economic advisor to Louis XIV;

he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient;

brought prosperity to France

Jean-Baptiste Racine

wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis aimed to inculcate:

reverence for order and self-control,

characters regal or noble,

lofty language,

aristocratic behavior

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

social contract - the duty to protect natural rights

James I

1566-1625;

king of England;

claimed political legitimacy through the "divine right of kings"

League of Augsburg

alliance between Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, and England to fight the French

Levellers

radical religious revolutionaries;

sought social and political reforms;

a more egalitarian (equal) society

Liberum Veto

voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made;

thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom

Long Parliament

1640 - 1660;

English Parliament which met off and on for twenty years due to religious and civil problems;

occurred during the English Civil War

Lope de Vega

wrote more than 1,500 plays, including witty comedies and action-packed romances

Lord Protector

Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

Louis XIV

1643-1715;

Absolute Monarch

known as the Sun King;

his reign "started" when he was four years old

Mannerism

artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity;

went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art;

used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space

Military Revolution

during the 30 Years War;

there was an increase in firearms & canoons;

greater mobility in tactics;

better trained armies

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property;

Idea formed by John Locke

Netherlands, English, Habsburgs

wars against ____ that Louis XIV fought to increase France's dominance over Europe

New Model Army

disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war

Nobles of the Robe

French Nobles who disliked the growing centralized government;

started a series of civil wars

"One king, one law, one faith"

This motto of Louis XIV;

declaration of his intention to be the uncontested ruler of a French kingdom united by a single religion

Oliver Cromwell

1599-1658;

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

Orthodox Church

in Russia;

had merchant and peasant revolts as well as a schism;

very unsettled conditions of the religion in this area

Palace of Versailles

palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris

Peace of Utrecht

ended the War of Spanish Succession;

led by John Churchill

Peace of Westphalia

1648;

treaty that ended the Thirty Years War in Germany

Peter Paul Rubens

Baroque style painter;

devout Catholic;

portrayed religion in his paintings

Peter the Great

1672-1725;

Czar of Russia;

was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 18th century

Petition of Right

1628;

signed by Charles I;

no imprisonment without due cause;

no taxes levied without Parliament's consent;

soldiers not housed in private homes;

no martial law during peacetime

Poland's Sejm

Polish assembly,

shared power with king,

weakened central authority

Puritans

opposed James I due to political concerns

Rembrandt van Rijn

Greatest Dutch artist of the period;

painted portraits of wealth middle class merchants;

painted the Night Watch

Restoration of the Stuart monarchy

after Cromwell's Death, Parliament restored the monarchy;

Charles II returned to England

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

the exodus of the Huguenots in France started by Louis XVI in an effort to maintain religious harmony;

many Huguenots fled France and opposed Louie XVI

the Romanovs

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries

Russian serfdom

tied the peasants to the land and controlled all merchant and townspeople as well on if they could sell or move or not anything at all

Saint Petersburg

founded by Peter the Great;

imperial capital of Russia;

important trade city because of the location of the Baltic Sea.

Shakespeare

1564-1616;

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers

Ship money

an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense

Siege of Vienna 1683

attack on Vienna by the Ottomans which Leopold I was able to resist

Streltsy

group of military officers that attempted to revolt against Peter the Great on his absence

Sun King

Nickname given to Louis XIV

Taille

property tax that more than doubled under Richelieu's reign

Test Act

1673;

excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings

Thirty Years War

series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict;

was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburgs, rulers of the HRE;

"Last of the religious wars"

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

believed in an absolute monarchy in order for there to be peace

Treaty of Karlowitz

1699;

ended the Siege of Vienna and gave Austria the lands of Hungry

Vienna and the Ottoman Empire

Turks and Suleiman I were stopped at Vienna after they had taken Begrade and Hungary

War of Spanish Succession

Louis' final war;

fought over the right to the Spanish throne and hegemony over Europe

Witchcraft Craze

over 100,000 people were charged with witchcraft during the 16th and 17th centuries

Zemsky Sobor

an assembly of clergy, nobles, and townsmen;

chose Michael Romanov to be the new tsar after the death of Ivan the Terrible